The study

The participants, who had no known health conditions, took either 400 IU of vitamin E, 300 milligrams of grape seed extract, or a placebo for 3 months. The participants were also assessed for an additional 3 months after the supplementation period ended.

In the vitamin E group, LDL cholesterol was reduced by 0.7 millimoles per liter (27 mg/dL), but this was not statistically significant compared with the placebo group. There were no changes in other blood lipids.

Gut bacteria that produce fatty acids and metabolize bile increased, and some changes remained after supplementation ended. However, only 26 of the participants provided stool samples for the microbiota analysis.

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The results

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This Study Summary was published on April 17, 2025.