Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)

Last Updated: July 25, 2023

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a general term to describe a short-term infection that occurs anywhere along the respiratory tract. There are many different types of ARIs, some of which are mild and resolve spontaneously, while others may impair normal breathing and require medical care. The vast majority of ARIs are caused by viruses.

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Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) falls under theImmunity & Infectious Diseasecategory.

What is an acute respiratory infection?

An acute respiratory infection is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that lasts less than 30 days, and upper respiratory infections are the most common. These infections can include conditions like the common cold and pneumonia, and some (such as the flu and COVID-19) can affect both respiratory tract areas.

What are the main signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infections?

The signs and symptoms of acute respiratory infections vary based on the affected respiratory tract area and infection severity, but they commonly include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever. In cases that affect the lower respiratory tract, symptoms may also include shortness of breath and chest pain, and symptoms typically resolve within 2 to 10 days.

How are acute respiratory infections diagnosed?

Acute respiratory infections are primarily diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, and additional tests such as throat or nose swabs and sputum samples are used to identify the causative organism. A physical exam and further testing, like blood tests or chest x-rays, may also be conducted to assess the infection's severity.

What are some of the main medical treatments for acute respiratory infections?

Most acute respiratory infections resolve on their own and do not require medical treatment, but rest and hydration are important for recovery. For symptom management, decongestants, NSAIDs, and antihistamines may help, and antiviral medications can be prescribed for high-risk individuals; antibiotics are generally ineffective for viral ARIs but may be necessary if a bacterial infection is confirmed.

Have any supplements been studied for acute respiratory infections?

Supplementation with specific micronutrients — particularly vitamin C, vitamin D, and zinc — may help reduce the risk and duration of acute respiratory infections. These supplements have shown consistent benefits in studies.

How could diet affect acute respiratory infections?

Diet plays a crucial role in acute respiratory infections by supporting a strong immune system through adequate energy, micronutrients, and macronutrients. Additionally, flavonoids found in foods like tea, chocolate, capers, and oregano may further enhance immunity and help reduce the risk and severity.

Are there any other treatments for acute respiratory infections?

Vaccines play a crucial role in preventing acute respiratory infections, although not all acute respiratory infections have available vaccines, such as the common cold. Vaccination can protect against specific diseases like COVID-19, influenza, pneumococcal disease, and pertussis.

What causes acute respiratory infections?

Acute respiratory infections are primarily caused by viruses — including rhinovirus, RSV, influenza, and others — but can also be caused by bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Many acute respiratory infections are contagious and can spread through respiratory droplets or direct contact, and symptoms arise from both the infecting organism and the immune response.

What are good practices to reduce the spread of acute respiratory infections?

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References
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