Anxiety

Last Updated: January 6, 2025

Anxiety disorders are a group of disorders characterized by symptoms of excessive anxiety and/or fear. Anxiety itself, unlike fear, is persistent and future oriented. There are many types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, phobias, and panic disorder.

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Anxiety falls under theMental Healthcategory.

What are anxiety disorders?

Having an anxiety disorder is not the same thing as experiencing anxiety. Anxiety and fear can be normal, adaptive responses to stressful and scary situations. Anxiety symptoms can also occur in the context of other mental and physical disorders or as effects of medication or drugs of abuse. In anxiety disorders, however, the feelings of anxiety or fear are recurrent, excessive, consistent, and persistent. They may also be accompanied by other symptoms, like sleep disturbances or panic attacks.

Anxiety disorders are defined by the 5th edition of the American Psychological Association (APA)’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) as a group of disorders "that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related emotional disturbances".[11] The most common anxiety disorders in adults are specific phobias, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia.[12]

What are the differences between fear, anxiety, and anxiety disorders?

What disorders are included in the category of anxiety disorders?

What are the main signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Just experiencing anxiety symptoms does not mean that someone has an anxiety disorder. The American Psychological Association (APA) sets out diagnostic criteria for specific anxiety disorders in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This table summarizes the symptoms used to diagnose the most common anxiety disorders.[11]

DisorderSummary of symptoms
Generalized anxiety disorderExcessive anxiety and worry which are difficult to control, which cause distress or difficulty functioning, and which are associated with at least three of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, tension, sleep disturbance.
Social anxiety disorderConsistent, persistent, and disproportionate fear or anxiety around being judged by others in one or more social situations which results in intense distress or in difficulties functioning.
Specific phobiaA specific object or situation consistently and persistently provokes intense fear or anxiety out of proportion to the actual danger that results in intense distress or difficulties functioning.
Panic disorderRecurrent, unexpected panic attacks, prompting worry or behavioural change.
AgoraphobiaConsistent, persistent, disproportionate fear and anxiety about being in two or more of the following specific situations: public transportation, open spaces, enclosed spaces, being in a crowd or a line, or being away from home alone. The fear and anxiety cause avoidant behaviour and distress/difficulty functioning.

Adapted from: American Psychological Association. (2013) Anxiety Disorders. In Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)

For all of the above anxiety disorders, the diagnosis will only be made if the symptoms can't be better explained by the effects of a medication or drug, by another medical condition, or by another mental disorder.

How are anxiety disorders diagnosed?

Anxiety disorders shouldn’t be self-diagnosed: It takes clinical experience to distinguish between normal and disordered anxiety. Diagnosing an anxiety disorder is done through a psychological evaluation performed by a clinician, after ruling out other symptom causes such as medication, drugs, or medical conditions.[13] The psychological evaluation is typically based on diagnostic criteria set by a publication such as the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). The symptoms in the APA’s diagnostic criteria for the most common anxiety disorders are summarized in What are the main signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders? The diagnosis can only be made if the symptoms can't be better explained by the effects of a medication or drug, by another medical condition, or by another mental disorder.

What are some of the main medical treatments for anxiety disorders?

Antianxiety medications like beta-blockers and antidepressants are commonly used either alone or in conjunction with therapy for the relief of anxiety symptoms. Types of therapy used for anxiety disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).[13]

Have any supplements been studied for anxiety disorders?

Several supplements have been studied for relief of anxiety symptoms, both in the contexts of anxiety disorders and in other contexts. While some supplements have been studied for anxiety relief in the context of anxiety disorders, there aren’t many with strong evidence.

  • Lavender oil capsules were effective in two trials in people with anxiety disorders.[14]
  • A 2010 systematic review noted that the majority of randomized controlled trials of kava saw significantly reduced anxiety in people with anxiety disorders or anxiety-related disorders, although the supplement carries a possible risk of inducing liver toxicity.[2] However, in a 2022 review of studies, it was not as effective in people with generalized anxiety disorder.[15]

Are there any supplements that people with anxiety disorders should avoid?

How could diet affect anxiety disorders?

Certain dietary patterns may assist with anxiety symptoms, including in the context of anxiety disorders. See What’s the connection between diet and anxiety symptoms? on the anxiety symptoms page.

Are there any other treatments for anxiety disorders?

Some evidence shows that meditation can reduce anxiety symptoms,[16] performing better than no intervention or sham interventions in people without diagnosed anxiety disorders and comparably to other active therapies among people with diagnosed anxiety disorders.[17]

Exercise, particularly high-intensity aerobic exercise and resistance training, may be effective for treating anxiety symptoms, including in the context of anxiety disorders.[18][19]

What causes anxiety disorders?

The causes of anxiety disorders are complex and not fully understood. Genetics, the environment, and brain biology can all play a role.[12]

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Update History
2025-01-06 18:22:15

Added and updated FAQs

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We updated our Anxiety page and added several new FAQs, both to reflect research already in the Examine Database and to better distinguish between anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms. This page is focused on anxiety disorders.

Added the following FAQs:

What are the differences between fear, anxiety, and anxiety disorders? What disorders are included in the category of anxiety disorders? Are there any supplements that people with anxiety disorders should avoid? (updated from "Should I stop using stimulants if I have anxiety?")

Removed the following FAQs: Are there any evidence-based supplements for treating anxiety? (Merged with "Have any supplements been studied for anxiety disorders?") an evidence concerning anxiolytic effects of curcumin? (Moved to "Anxiety symptoms" page) Does exercise exacerbate the symptoms of anxiety, such as increased heart rate? (Moved to "Panic disorder" page)

Updated the following FAQs:

What are anxiety disorders? What are the main signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders? How are anxiety disorders diagnosed? What are some of the main medical treatments for anxiety disorders? Have any supplements been studied for anxiety disorders? How could diet affect anxiety disorders? Are there any other treatments for anxiety disorders? What causes anxiety disorders?

Written By

Natalka Roshak

Reviewed By

Katie Jantz
References
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  20. ^American Psychological Association (APA)Anxiety. Cited November 2024, updated April 2018(19 April 2018)
  21. ^American Psychological Association (APA)Fear. Cited November 2024, updated April 2018(19 April 2018)
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