Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of lipid-rich plaque on arteries’ interior lining. While symptomless early on, it can lead to artery blockage and increased clot formation, which can cause a wide range of serious diseases, most commonly coronary heart disease and stroke. Lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, little exercise, and smoking, can be integral in the progression of atherosclerosis and its associated diseases.
Atherosclerosis falls under theCardiovascular Healthcategory.
Last Updated:May 12, 2025
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty plaque on the interior lining of medium-sized and large-sized arteries, leading to damage, inflammation, hardening, and narrowing of the arteries, which increases the risk of clotting and various diseases. It is a specific type of arteriosclerosis, distinct from the broader term that refers to general thickening and stiffening of blood vessels.
Atherosclerosis is typically asymptomatic until it leads to other cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease. It can be assessed using various methods, including angiography, coronary calcium scans, the ankle-brachial test, and ultrasonography, and angiography is the most invasive option.
Atherosclerosis is typically not diagnosed directly in its preclinical stage but may be identified through imaging or clinical criteria once it manifests. Diagnosis can also be inferred from risk factors such as high blood pressure, LDL-C levels, age, and smoking behaviors.
Medical treatments for atherosclerosis vary based on the disease's progression and typically focus on managing major risk factors like high cholesterol and high blood pressure with medications such as statins and antihypertensives. These treatments are often combined with lifestyle changes, which are also crucial in managing the condition.
Yes, several supplements have been studied for their effect on atherosclerosis and its biomarkers, and more research has focused on biomarkers like LDL-C and blood pressure. Some of the supplements examined include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, garlic, plant sterols, flavanols, fiber, and antioxidant vitamins like vitamin C.
Diet significantly influences atherosclerosis by affecting risk factors like obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. A diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and fish can lower the risk of atherosclerotic diseases, and replacing saturated fats with healthier fats and reducing processed meats and refined carbohydrates may also be beneficial.
Quitting smoking and engaging in regular aerobic exercise are crucial lifestyle changes that can significantly affect atherosclerosis. Current guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity each week.
Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the interior lining of medium and large arteries, often due to high pressure, which leads to the trapping and oxidation of fats, primarily low-density lipoprotein. This process attracts white blood cells, particularly macrophages, which can become overwhelmed and transform into foam cells, thus contributing to plaque formation.
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