Chronic pain
Chronic pain is persistent pain that can last for weeks to years. Causes of chronic pain can include inflammation, nerve damage, or injury.
Chronic pain falls under thePaincategory.The Examine Database covers Binaural Beats,Cannabis, and 5 other interventions.
Last Updated:October 13, 2024
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In this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in participants with chronic musculoskeletal pain and insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia interventions improved sleep quality but did not reduce pain intensity.
What was studied?
The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on sleep quality (the primary outcome) and pain in participants with chronic musculoskeletal pain and insomnia. The role of dose (total time spent in CBT-I sessions) was also assessed.
Sleep quality was assessed using various scales, such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index. Pain intensity was measured using general or condition-specific scales, such as the Multidimensional Pain Inventory or Knee Pain Scale.
Who was studied?
A total of 1,801 adult men and women (average ages of 43–73) with chronic musculoskeletal pain and insomnia.
The analysis included participants with osteoarthritis (7 studies) and chronic spinal pain (2 studies).
How was it studied?
This meta-analysis included 11 randomized controlled trials, primarily conducted in the United States. The total intervention time (including all sessions) ranged from 150 minutes to 840 minutes.
Most of the CBT-I interventions included guidance for improving sleep hygiene, reducing the amount of time spent awake in bed, and limiting stimuli related to sleep. Some interventions also included general sleep education and strategies related to stress management or self-control.
Most of the control groups were waitlisted to receive CBT-I at a later date (4 studies), or they received basic educational resources (4 studies). The remaining control groups received alternative/placebo interventions.
What were the results?
CBT-I improved sleep quality compared to control conditions. The effect size was very large, but heterogeneity was high, and a large risk of publication bias was noted.
The dose-response analysis revealed that 250 minutes of CBT-I was sufficient to produce a large effect size, with the peak effect observed at 450 minutes (the benefits declined with longer durations).
CBT-I did not reduce pain intensity compared to the control conditions.
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What was studied?
Whether mindfulness interventions improved pain-related outcomes.
How was it studied?
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What was studied?
The relationship between lifestyle and dietary habits and health-related quality of life in individuals with gout.
Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Gout Impact Scale (GIS), which includes ratings of gout concern overall, medication side effects, unmet gout treatment needs, well-being during attacks, and gout concern during attack.
A questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle and dietary habits such as the frequency of exercise and the frequencies of alcohol, coffee, soft drinks, meat, dairy, vegetable, and fruit consumption.
How was it studied?
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What was studied?
Whether THC improved chronic neuropathic pain (long-term nerve-based pain).
The primary outcome was pain levels (it was unspecified how this was measured*), and the secondary outcomes were pain responses (as measured by the conditioned pain modulation, or CPM, test) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results. The researchers also measured heart rate variability (HRV) by electrocardiogram.
How was it studied?
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What was studied?
The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and myofascial release technique (MRT) among young adults with chronic neck pain and forward head posture (“phone slouch”).
How was it studied?
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