Dry eye occurs when there is an insufficient amount of tear film or when its composition is disrupted, which leads to discomfort and potential damage to the eye's surface. The tear film, which consists of 3 distinct layers, is essential for keeping the eyes moist, clean, and clear.

The main signs and symptoms of dry eye include redness or irritation, a stinging or burning sensation, blurred vision, a gritty feeling, the presence of mucus, discomfort with contact lenses, and increased tear production. These symptoms can be particularly noticeable in windy conditions or while reading.

Dry eye is diagnosed by an ophthalmologist through an eye exam that assesses the eyelids and the surface of the eye. Various tests may be performed to evaluate tear production, the duration that tears remain on the eye, and the structure of the eyelids.

The main medical treatments for dry eye include over-the-counter artificial tears, prescription eye drops to enhance tear production, and newer therapies that target the underlying causes. Additionally, blocking of the tear ducts may be recommended by an ophthalmologist.

Pycnogenol, a pine bark extract, has shown potential in alleviating dry eye, particularly in people with Sjögren’s syndrome, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids may provide relief from dry eye; studies have indicated a reduced risk compared to a placebo, although the mechanisms are also not well understood.

Good nutrition, particularly through the consumption of leafy greens and colorful fruits and vegetables, supports overall eye health and may lower the risk of dry eye. Additionally, dietary patterns that are beneficial for heart health can also promote eye health by ensuring proper blood flow to the eyes.

Common nonmedical treatments for dry eye include over-the-counter artificial tears and lubricating eye drops, which are suitable for infrequent issues. However, it is important to consult a doctor if symptoms persist or worsen.

Dry eye can be caused by hormonal changes due to aging, particularly in women after menopause, as well as various factors such as autoimmune diseases, environmental conditions, prolonged screen time, contact lens use, and certain medications. Other contributing factors include thyroid disease, smoke and wind exposure, and refractive eye surgery.