Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that primarily affects reading and leads to challenges in word recognition, spelling, and reading fluency; it does not indicate a lack of intelligence. It often coexists with other learning disabilities and language difficulties, such as dysgraphia, dyscalculia, and ADHD.

The main signs and symptoms of dyslexia include difficulty reading at an expected speed, confusion of letter order and visually similar letters, and challenges with phonological awareness, which can affect spelling, rhyming, and word recognition. These difficulties may also hinder comprehension while reading.

Dyslexia is diagnosed through evaluations by psychologists or psychiatrists, which involve gathering information from various professionals and conducting reading tests. Additionally, early assessments can identify potential reading issues by evaluating skills such as oral language, word recognition, and phonological processing.

Dyslexia is addressed through tailored educational interventions rather than medical treatments, and strategies such as phonemic awareness techniques and the Orton-Gillingham program are commonly used. Additional support may include sessions with specialists and the use of audiobooks and text-to-speech tools.

Multiple studies have investigated the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in children with dyslexia and have shown some improvements, but limited evidence exists due to inconsistent results. Additionally, a 1988 study suggested a correlation between dyslexia and low zinc levels, but there is insufficient evidence to support the benefits of zinc supplementation for people with dyslexia.

Dietary recommendations for people with dyslexia primarily aim to improve brain health and alleviate symptoms of related learning difficulties; some evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies may be associated with dyslexia. However, the evidence to support the benefits of increasing omega-3 intake is weak and inconsistent, and some studies indicate that the deficiency may stem from an inability to convert omega-3s into highly unsaturated fatty acids rather than low dietary intake.

Recent studies suggest that specific video games may improve reading skills in children with dyslexia, though the research methodologies are weak and more studies are needed. Additionally, strategies such as reading in quiet environments, using audiobooks, and breaking up longer texts can help facilitate reading for people with dyslexia.

The exact cause of dyslexia is still uncertain, but research indicates a genetic component; 40% to 60% of children of affected parents inherit the condition. Currently, studies are also examining brain structure variations and the relationship between genetic factors and neuroimaging findings to better understand dyslexia.