Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the endometrium grows outside the uterus, leading to pain, particularly during menstruation, and potential fertility issues. Research suggests that it may be more accurately defined as a syndrome that encompasses both the ectopic tissue and the symptoms experienced because some individuals may have the tissue without any symptoms.

The main signs and symptoms of endometriosis include pain, particularly during menstruation and intercourse, and infertility. Other common symptoms may involve heavy periods, fatigue, gastrointestinal issues, and atypical pains, and individuals experience varying combinations of these symptoms.

Endometriosis is diagnosed primarily through laparoscopy, which is the gold standard for diagnosis, although MRI and transvaginal ultrasound are under exploration as nonsurgical options. Blood markers for diagnosis are also under investigation, but none have proven accurate enough to replace surgical methods at this time.

Medical treatments for endometriosis focus on symptom management through surgery to remove endometriotic tissue and long-term hormonal medication, which can alleviate pain but may not be suitable for individuals who are trying to conceive. Although surgery can provide short-term relief, it is not a cure, and assisted reproduction techniques like IVF can address fertility issues related to the condition.

Several vitamins and supplements — including vitamin D, melatonin, and vitamins E and C — have been studied for endometriosis, and vitamin E has shown some improvement in pain symptoms. Although vitamin D also helps with pain to a lesser extent, melatonin has limited evidence but may enhance pain, sleep quality, and mood.

Research suggests that a healthy diet — characterized by reduced alcohol intake and increased physical activity — may be associated with a lower risk of endometriosis. Additionally, a diet rich in fruits, especially citrus fruits, could further decrease this risk.

Some symptoms of endometriosis, like painful menstruation, can be managed without medication. Additionally, chronic pelvic pain associated with endometriosis may be alleviated through pelvic physiotherapy and myofascial trigger point dry needling.

Endometriosis occurs when endometrium-like cells grow outside the uterus, which often leads to inflammation. The exact cause of this condition is still not fully understood by researchers.