Epilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by recurring seizures, which are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There are 2 main types of seizures: focal seizures, which affect a specific brain region, and generalized seizures, which affect the entire brain.

The main symptoms of epilepsy are seizures, which can vary in severity and presentation and include phenomena like auras, uncontrollable movements, loss of consciousness, and confusion. People with epilepsy may also experience comorbid conditions such as depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, migraines, and cognitive dysfunction.

Epilepsy is diagnosed primarily through self-reports of seizures and a thorough clinical assessment by a healthcare provider to exclude other causes. Diagnostic tests like electroencephalography (EEG) and imaging techniques such as CT and MRI are used to evaluate brain activity and identify any structural abnormalities.

The primary medical treatment for epilepsy is antiseizure drugs such as phenytoin and lamotrigine, but some people may experience intolerable side effects or find the medications ineffective. In such cases, alternative treatments like surgery, neurostimulation, or dietary changes may be considered.

Several supplements — such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B6, and CBD — have been studied for epilepsy, but the evidence for their effectiveness varies. It is crucial to consult a healthcare provider before using any supplements as a treatment for epilepsy.

Diet can affect epilepsy by potentially reducing seizures through ketosis-inducing diets, such as the ketogenic diet, medium-chain triglyceride diet, modified Atkins diet, or low-glycemic-index diet. However, strict adherence to a ketogenic diet may pose challenges and risks, including nutritional deficiencies and digestive issues.

Behavioral therapy can help manage epilepsy by reducing stress and avoiding seizure triggers like lack of sleep and flashing lights. Additionally, using tinted glasses may benefit people who are sensitive to visual stimuli, and although acupuncture has been studied for epilepsy treatment, its effectiveness remains uncertain.

The cause of epilepsy is often unknown, but it can result from factors like brain injuries, tumors, and strokes. Seizures may occur without a clear cause or in response to specific stimuli, and not all seizures indicate epilepsy.