High Cholesterol

Last Updated: August 16, 2022

High amounts of low-density lipoproteins cause fatty plaques to build up in the arteries, which restricts blood flow and can cause health problems like a heart attack. Lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking) and genetics play a huge role in blood cholesterol levels.

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High Cholesterol falls under theCardiovascular HealthandHealthy Aging & Longevitycategories.

What is high cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance present in all cells and in the blood. Cholesterol is carried through the blood on lipoproteins (e.g., low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL). High amounts of LDL particles cause plaque (i.e., fatty deposits) to build up in the arteries.[1] Plaque hardens and narrows arteries, which restricts blood flow to areas of the body like the heart or brain and can cause a heart attack or stroke.

What are the main signs and symptoms of high cholesterol?

There are usually no signs or symptoms of high cholesterol. People with severely elevated LDL levels due to a genetic disorder may present with fatty skin deposits called xanthomas over parts of the hands, elbows, knees, ankles, or around the cornea of the eye.

How is high cholesterol diagnosed?

High cholesterol is diagnosed using a blood test. Generally, LDL isn’t measured directly, but is instead estimated using LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), which is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol contained within LDL particles and is highly correlated with LDL particle number.[1] Blood samples can be collected in a fasted or nonfasted state.[2] For people at low cardiovascular risk, an LDL-C goal of <116 mg/dL is recommended.[3]

What are some of the main medical treatments for high cholesterol?

Pharmacotherapy typically begins with a statin prescribed up to the highest tolerated dose to reach the LDL-C goal set for the individual.[2] If the LDL-C goal is not achieved with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin, combination therapy with ezetimibe is recommended.[2] If the LDL-C goal is still not met, the addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor is recommended.[2]

Have any supplements been studied for high cholesterol?

The supplement with the largest effect on LDL-C is red yeast rice, which is an inhibitor of endogenous cholesterol synthesis and works via the same mechanism of action as statins.[4] Other supplements that can improve LDL-C are garlic,[5] plant sterols and stanols,[6] and beta-glucan (a soluble fiber primarily found in oats and barley).[7]

How could diet affect high cholesterol?

Diet directly influences blood cholesterol levels. trans fats and saturated fats have the greatest effect on LDL-C, so replacing foods rich in these nutrients with foods rich in polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat, and to a lesser extent whole-grain carbohydrates (especially ones rich in soluble fiber), reduces LDL-C.[2]

Plant-based dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet, Portfolio diet, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, can reliably improve LDL-C.[8]

Does the DASH diet do anything else besides lower blood pressure?

What exactly should I eat to adhere to the DASH diet?

What other foods are known to impact cholesterol levels and heart health?

Are fully hydrogenated oils a health concern?

Is saturated fat bad for your health?

Will eating eggs increase my cholesterol?

Are there any other treatments for high cholesterol?

Because excess body weight and abdominal fat contribute to high cholesterol, 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity plus ≥ 2 resistance exercise sessions per week are recommended to support weight loss (5–10% of initial body weight), and more importantly, the maintenance of a healthy body weight.[2] Other lifestyle modifications include limiting alcohol consumption (≤ 10 grams of pure alcohol per day) and quitting smoking.[2]

What causes high cholesterol?

High cholesterol is often caused by lifestyle habits, such as an unhealthy dietary pattern. However, genetics also strongly influence cholesterol levels. In people with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), for example, there is typically a defect in the LDL receptor, which reduces the rate of LDL removal from the blood.[9] FH is treated with pharmacotherapy, as lifestyle modifications alone are insufficient to achieve a healthy LDL-C level.

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  18. Blood glucose - Szulinska M, Gibas-Dorna M, Miller-Kasprzak E, Suliburska J, Miczke A, Walczak-Gałezewska M, Stelmach-Mardas M, Walkowiak J, Bogdanski PSpirulina maxima improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and total antioxidant status in obese patients with well-treated hypertension: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studyEur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.(2017 May)
  19. Weight - Mazokopakis EE, Starakis IK, Papadomanolaki MG, Mavroeidi NG, Ganotakis ESThe hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective studyJ Sci Food Agric.(2013 Jun 10)
  20. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Park HJ, Lee YJ, Ryu HK, Kim MH, Chung HW, Kim WYA randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly KoreansAnn Nutr Metab.(2008)
  21. Blood glucose - Siavash M, Amini MVitamin C may have similar beneficial effects to Gemfibrozil on serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patientsJ Res Pharm Pract.(2014 Jul)
  22. Blood glucose - Bishop N, Schorah CJ, Wales JKThe effect of vitamin C supplementation on diabetic hyperlipidaemia: a double blind, crossover studyDiabet Med.(1985 Mar)
  23. Blood glucose - Mahmoudabadi MM, Djalali M, Djazayery SA, Keshavarz SA, Eshraghian MR, Yaraghi AA, Askari G, Ghiasvand R, Zarei MEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid and vitamin C on glycemic indices, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic Iranian malesJ Res Med Sci.(2011 Mar)
  24. Blood glucose - JAYESH K BHATT, SABIN THOMAS, NANJAN MJEFFECT OF ORAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN C ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUSInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.()
  25. Total cholesterol - Knab AM, Shanely RA, Henson DA, Jin F, Heinz SA, Austin MD, Nieman DCInfluence of quercetin supplementation on disease risk factors in community-dwelling adultsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2011 Apr)
  26. Blood glucose - Partsalaki I, Karvela A, Spiliotis BEMetabolic impact of a ketogenic diet compared to a hypocaloric diet in obese children and adolescentsJ Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.(2012)
  27. Blood glucose - Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, James AP, Mamo JC, Clifton PMComparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular riskNutr Metab (Lond).(2006 Jan 11)
  28. Blood glucose - Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JSVery low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight menJ Nutr.(2004 Apr)
  29. Blood glucose - Hernandez TL, Sutherland JP, Wolfe P, Allian-Sauer M, Capell WH, Talley ND, Wyatt HR, Foster GD, Hill JO, Eckel RHLack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate dietAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Mar)
  30. Apolipoprotein A - Joo M, Moon S, Lee YS, Kim MGEffects of very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets on lipid profiles in normal-weight (body mass index < 25 kg/m2) adults: a meta-analysis.Nutr Rev.(2023-Mar-17)
  31. Blood glucose - Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, Liu W, Yang J, Zhu N, Huo L, Wang M, Hong J, Wu P, Ren G, Ning GTreatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberineJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
  32. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Osadnik T, Goławski M, Lewandowski P, Morze J, Osadnik K, Pawlas N, Lejawa M, Jakubiak GK, Mazur A, Schwingschackl L, Gąsior M, Banach MA network meta-analysis on the comparative effect of nutraceuticals on lipid profile in adults.Pharmacol Res.(2022-Sep)
  33. Blood glucose - Spangler L, Newton KM, Grothaus LC, Reed SD, Ehrlich K, LaCroix AZThe effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulinMaturitas.(2007 Jun 20)
  34. Blood glucose - Morgan WA, Raskin P, Rosenstock JA comparison of fish oil or corn oil supplements in hyperlipidemic subjects with NIDDMDiabetes Care.(1995 Jan)
  35. Blood glucose - Krebs JD, Browning LM, McLean NK, Rothwell JL, Mishra GD, Moore CS, Jebb SAAdditive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic womenInt J Obes (Lond).(2006 Oct)
  36. Blood glucose - Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Vanden Heuvel JP, Wagner PR, West SGDose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemiaAm J Clin Nutr.(2011 Feb)
  37. Blood glucose - Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Schild AL, Rains TMPrescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides and modestly reduce pancreatic β-cell response in subjects with primary hypertriglyceridemiaProstaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.(2011 Sep-Oct)
  38. Blood glucose - Connor WE, Prince MJ, Ullmann D, Riddle M, Hatcher L, Smith FE, Wilson DThe hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose controlAnn N Y Acad Sci.(1993 Jun 14)
  39. Blood glucose - L Axelrod, J Camuso, E Williams, K Kleinman, E Briones, D SchoenfeldEffects of a Small Quantity of omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in NIDDM. A Randomized, Prospective, Double-Blind, Controlled StudyDiabetes Care.(1994 Jan)
  40. Blood glucose - Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJEffects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertensionAm J Clin Nutr.(2002 Nov)
  41. Insulin - Annuzzi G, Rivellese A, Capaldo B, Di Marino L, Iovine C, Marotta G, Riccardi GA controlled study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patientsAtherosclerosis.(1991 Mar)
  42. Insulin - M Gorety Jacobo-Cejudo, Roxana Valdés-Ramos, Ana L Guadarrama-López, Rosa-Virgen Pardo-Morales, Beatriz E Martínez-Carrillo, Laurence S HarbigeEffect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus PatientsNutrients.(2017 Jun 3)
  43. Apolipoprotein A - Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Kaden VN, Schild AL, Rains TM, Marshall JWEffects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on fasting lipid profile in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemiaJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol.(2011 Apr)
  44. Weight - Alison M Hill, Jonathan D Buckley, Karen J Murphy, and Peter RC HoweCombining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factorsThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.()
  45. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Eslick GD, Howe PR, Smith C, Priest R, Bensoussan ABenefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysisInt J Cardiol.(2009 Jul 24)
  46. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Warner JG Jr, Ullrich IH, Albrink MJ, Yeater RACombined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic personsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1989 Oct)
  47. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, Maki KC, Doyle RT, Shalwitz RA, Ballantyne CM, Ginsberg HN, COMBination of prescription Omega-3 with Simvastatin (COMBOS) InvestigatorsEfficacy and tolerability of adding prescription omega-3 fatty acids 4 g/d to simvastatin 40 mg/d in hypertriglyceridemic patients: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyClin Ther.(2007 Jul)
  48. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Maki KC, McKenney JM, Reeves MS, Lubin BC, Dicklin MREffects of adding prescription omega-3 acid ethyl esters to simvastatin (20 mg/day) on lipids and lipoprotein particles in men and women with mixed dyslipidemiaAm J Cardiol.(2008 Aug 15)
  49. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Khorshidi M, Hazaveh ZS, Alimohammadi-Kamalabadi M, Jamshidi S, Moghaddam OM, Olang B, Hatefi S, Hosseini A, Jamilian P, Zarezadeh M, Kohansal P, Heshmati J, Jamilian P, Sayyari AEffect of omega-3 supplementation on lipid profile in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Nutr J.(2023-Feb-10)
  50. Triglycerides - Hanwell HE, Kay CD, Lampe JW, Holub BJ, Duncan AMAcute fish oil and soy isoflavone supplementation increase postprandial serum (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones but do not affect triacylglycerols or biomarkers of oxidative stress in overweight and obese hypertriglyceridemic menJ Nutr.(2009 Jun)
  51. Triglycerides - Oelrich B, Dewell A, Gardner CDEffect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adultsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2011 Sep 15)
  52. Platelet Aggregation - Serebruany VL, Miller M, Pokov AN, Lynch D, Jensen JK, Hallén J, Atar DEarly impact of prescription Omega-3 fatty acids on platelet biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertriglyceridemiaCardiology.(2011)
  53. Blood glucose - Babak Roshanravan, Saeed Samarghandian, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Alireza Amirabadizadeh, Farhad Saeedi, Tahereh FarkhondehMetabolic Impact of Saffron and Crocin: An Updated Systematic and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical TrialsArch Physiol Biochem.(2020 Feb 4)
  54. Blood glucose - Fatemeh Ebrahimi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Naheed Aryaeian, Naseh Pahlavani, Soudabeh Fallah, Nariman Moradi, Davoud Abbasi, Agha Fatemeh HosseiniEffects Of Saffron Supplementation On Inflammation And Metabolic Responses In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialDiabetes Metab Syndr Obes.(2019 Oct 14)
  55. Blood glucose - Milajerdi A, Jazayeri S, Hashemzadeh N, Shirzadi E, Derakhshan Z, Djazayeri A, Akhondzadeh SThe effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trialJ Res Med Sci.(2018 Feb 20)
  56. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Ali Sahraian, Sina Jelodar, Zahra Javid, Arash Mowla, Laaya AhmadzadehStudy the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative studyAsian J Psychiatr.(2016 Aug)
  57. Intraocular Pressure - Fernando Cardona, Francisco J Tinahones, Eduardo Collantes, Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes, Alejandro Escudero, Federico SoriguerResponse to a urate-lowering diet according to polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV clusterJ Rheumatol.(2005 May)
  58. Blood glucose - Gheflati A, Bashiri R, Ghadiri-Anari A, Reza JZ, Kord MT, Nadjarzadeh AThe effect of apple vinegar consumption on glycemic indices, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled clinical trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2019 Oct)
  59. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Oanetta, C. Jonk, Y, Shapiro, AProspective randomized clinical trial evaluating the impact of vinegar on lipids in non-diabeticsWorld J. Cardiovasc. Dis.()
  60. Blood glucose - B Andallu, B RadhikaHypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) rootIndian J Exp Biol.(2000 Jun)
  61. Blood glucose - Fabio Galvano, Giovanni Li Volti, Michele Malaguarnera, Teresio Avitabile, Tijana Antic, Marco Vacante, Mariano MalaguarneraEffects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitusExpert Opin Pharmacother.(2009 Aug)
  62. Blood glucose - Aneliya Parvanova, Matias Trillini, Manuel A Podestà, Ilian P Iliev, Carolina Aparicio, Annalisa Perna, Francesco Peraro, Nadia Rubis, Flavio Gaspari, Antonio Cannata, Silvia Ferrari, Antonio C Bossi, Roberto Trevisan, Sreejith Parameswaran, Jonathan S Chávez-Iñiguez, Fahrudin Masnic, Sidy Mohamed Seck, Teerayuth Jiamjariyaporn, Monica Cortinovis, Luca Perico, Kanishka Sharma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Piero Ruggenenti, David G WarnockBlood Pressure and Metabolic Effects of Acetyl-l-Carnitine in Type 2 Diabetes: DIABASI Randomized Controlled TrialJ Endocr Soc.(2018 Mar 22)
  63. Blood glucose - Giuseppe Derosa, Arrigo F G Cicero, Antonio Gaddi, Amedeo Mugellini, Leonardina Ciccarelli, Roberto FogariThe effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Ther.(2003 May)
  64. Apolipoprotein A - Bor-Jen Lee, Jun-Shuo Lin, Yi-Chin Lin, Ping-Ting LinEffects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery diseaseLipids Health Dis.(2016 Jun 17)
  65. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Moein Askarpour, Amir Hadi, Michael E Symonds, Maryam Miraghajani, Omid Sadeghi, Ali Sheikhi, Ehsan GhaediEfficacy of l-carnitine supplementation for management of blood lipids: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2019 Nov)
  66. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WAGlycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjectsInt J Vitam Nutr Res.(2009 May)
  67. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Francesco Brescia, Elisabetta Balestra, Maria Grazia Iasella, Aurelia Bellomo DamatoEffects of combined treatment with simvastatin and L-carnitine on triglyceride levels in diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemiaClin Drug Investig.(2002 Nov)
  68. Total cholesterol - Pistone G, Marino A, Leotta C, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Malaguarnera MLevocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigueDrugs Aging.(2003)
  69. Glycemic Control - Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Russo C, Antic T, Vacante M, Malaguarnera M, Avitabile T, Li Volti G, Galvano FL-carnitine supplementation to diet: a new tool in treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis--a randomized and controlled clinical trialAm J Gastroenterol.(2010 Jun)
  70. Blood glucose - Pei D, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Li JC, Lee CH, Kuo SWThe influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialMetabolism.(2006 Jul)
  71. Blood glucose - Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, Feng JElevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetesDiabetes.(1997 Nov)
  72. Blood glucose - Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury SRole of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Nutr Biochem.(2002 Nov)
  73. Blood glucose - Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrová V, Hunter D, Senft VInfluence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusBiol Trace Elem Res.(2006 Mar)
  74. Blood glucose - Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MAThe effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetesSaudi Med J.(2000 Sep)
  75. Weight - Rhee YS, Hermann JR, Burnham K, Arquitt AB, Stoecker BJThe effects of chromium and copper supplementation on mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal womenClin Exp Immunol.(2002 Mar)
  76. Total cholesterol - Preuss HG, Wallerstedt D, Talpur N, Tutuncuoglu SO, Echard B, Myers A, Bui M, Bagchi DEffects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot studyJ Med.(2000)
  77. Blood glucose - Klein GA, Stefanuto A, Boaventura BC, de Morais EC, Cavalcante Lda S, de Andrade F, Wazlawik E, Di Pietro PF, Maraschin M, da Silva ELMate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) improves glycemic and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes individuals: a pilot studyJ Am Coll Nutr.(2011 Oct)
  78. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Brunna Cristina Bremer Boaventura, Patrícia Faria Di Pietro, Aliny Stefanuto, Graziela Alessandra Klein, Elayne Cristina de Morais, Fernanda de Andrade, Elisabeth Wazlawik, Edson Luiz da SilvaAssociation of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) intake and dietary intervention and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers of dyslipidemic subjectsNutrition.(2012 Jun)
  79. Blood glucose - Arpita Basu, Mei Du, Misti J Leyva, Karah Sanchez, Nancy M Betts, Mingyuan Wu, Christopher E Aston, Timothy J LyonsBlueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndromeJ Nutr.(2010 Sep)
  80. Blood glucose - Sabzghabaee AM, Dianatkhah M, Sarrafzadegan N, Asgary S, Ghannadi AClinical evaluation of Nigella sativa seeds for the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trialMed Arh.(2012)
  81. Blood glucose - Huseini HF, Darvishzadeh F, Heshmat R, Jafariazar Z, Raza M, Larijani BThe clinical investigation of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad fruit in treatment of Type II diabetic patients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialPhytother Res.(2009 Aug)
  82. Blood glucose - Zhang P, Yang C, Guo H, Wang J, Lin S, Li H, Yang Y, Ling WTreatment of coenzyme Q10 for 24 weeks improves lipid and glycemic profile in dyslipidemic individualsJ Clin Lipidol.(2018 Mar - Apr)
  83. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Mohseni M, Vafa M, Zarrati M, Shidfar F, Hajimiresmail SJ, Rahimi Forushani ABeneficial Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Intereukin-6 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Reduction, Preliminary Results of a Double-blind Trial in Acute Myocardial InfarctionInt J Prev Med.(2015 Aug 7)
  84. Blood glucose - Muhammad S Mansour, Yu-Ming Ni, Amy L Roberts, Michael Kelleman, Arindam Roychoudhury, Marie-Pierre St-OngeGinger consumption enhances the thermic effect of food and promotes feelings of satiety without affecting metabolic and hormonal parameters in overweight men: a pilot studyMetabolism.(2012 Oct)
  85. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Alizadeh-Navaei R, Roozbeh F, Saravi M, Pouramir M, Jalali F, Moghadamnia AAInvestigation of the effect of ginger on the lipid levels. A double blind controlled clinical trialSaudi Med J.(2008 Sep)
  86. Blood glucose - Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, Tada NAdministration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemiaAtherosclerosis.(2010 Apr)
  87. Blood glucose - Koziróg M, Poliwczak AR, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Sikora J, Broncel MMelatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndromeJ Pineal Res.(2011 Apr)
  88. Blood glucose - Sierra M, García JJ, Fernández N, Diez MJ, Calle APTherapeutic effects of psyllium in type 2 diabetic patientsEur J Clin Nutr.(2002 Sep)
  89. Blood glucose - Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F, Lazcano-Burciaga GLipid- and glucose-lowering efficacy of Plantago Psyllium in type II diabetesJ Diabetes Complications.(1998 Sep-Oct)
  90. Total cholesterol - Dennison BA, Levine DMRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover clinical trial of psyllium fiber in children with hypercholesterolemiaJ Pediatr.(1993 Jul)
  91. Blood glucose - Kim JH, Jung WS, Choi NJ, Kim DO, Shin DH, Kim YJHealth-promoting effects of bovine colostrum in Type 2 diabetic patients can reduce blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and ketonesJ Nutr Biochem.(2009 Apr)
  92. Blood glucose - Andersson U, Berger K, Högberg A, Landin-Olsson M, Holm CEffects of rose hip intake on risk markers of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over investigation in obese personsEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 May)
  93. Blood glucose - Maeba R, Hara H, Ishikawa H, Hayashi S, Yoshimura N, Kusano J, Takeoka Y, Yasuda D, Okazaki T, Kinoshita M, Teramoto TMyo-inositol treatment increases serum plasmalogens and decreases small dense LDL, particularly in hyperlipidemic subjects with metabolic syndromeJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2008 Jun)
  94. Blood glucose - Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, Ruepp M, Zinserling VEfficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemiaArzneimittelforschung.(2000 Mar)
  95. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Wallis C, Simpson HCArtichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trialPhytomedicine.(2008 Sep)
  96. Total cholesterol - Lupattelli G, Marchesi S, Lombardini R, Roscini AR, Trinca F, Gemelli F, Vaudo G, Mannarino EArtichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipemiaLife Sci.(2004 Dec 31)
  97. Blood glucose - Castilla P, Echarri R, Dávalos A, Cerrato F, Ortega H, Teruel JL, Lucas MF, Gómez-Coronado D, Ortuño J, Lasunción MAConcentrated red grape juice exerts antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiinflammatory effects in both hemodialysis patients and healthy subjectsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Jul)
  98. Blood glucose - Kuriyan R, Kumar DR, R R, Kurpad AVAn evaluation of the hypolipidemic effect of an extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa leaves in hyperlipidemic Indians: a double blind, placebo controlled trialBMC Complement Altern Med.(2010 Jun 17)
  99. Apolipoprotein A - Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Jalali-Khanabadi BA, Afkhami-Ardekani M, Fatehi FEffects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on lipid profile and lipoproteins in patients with type II diabetesJ Altern Complement Med.(2009 Aug)
  100. Weight - Hernández-Pérez F, Herrera-Arellano ATherapeutic use Hibiscus sabadariffa extract in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. A randomized clinical trialRev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc.(2011 Sep-Oct)
  101. Insulin - Pal S, Ellis V, Dhaliwal SEffects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individualsBr J Nutr.(2010 Sep)
  102. Insulin - Mirmiran P, Fazeli MR, Asghari G, Shafiee A, Azizi FEffect of pomegranate seed oil on hyperlipidaemic subjects: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trialBr J Nutr.(2010 Aug)
  103. TNF-Alpha - Asghari G, Sheikholeslami S, Mirmiran P, Chary A, Hedayati M, Shafiee A, Azizi FEffect of pomegranate seed oil on serum TNF-α level in dyslipidemic patientsInt J Food Sci Nutr.(2012 May)
  104. Insulin - Alireza Ostadrahimi, Akbar Taghizadeh, Majid Mobasseri, Nazila Farrin, Laleh Payahoo, Zahra Beyramalipoor Gheshlaghi, Morteza VahedjabbariEffect of probiotic fermented milk (kefir) on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trialIran J Public Health.(2015 Feb)
  105. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Edward R Farnworth, Tony Savard, Denise Chabot, Akier Mafu, Peter J H JonesKefir consumption does not alter plasma lipid levels or cholesterol fractional synthesis rates relative to milk in hyperlipidemic men: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN10820810]BMC Complement Altern Med.(2002)
  106. Insulin - Khorasanian AS, Fateh ST, Gholami F, Rasaei N, Gerami H, Khayyatzadeh SS, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi OThe effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2023)
  107. Weight - Demonty I, Lin Y, Zebregs YE, Vermeer MA, van der Knaap HC, Jäkel M, Trautwein EAThe citrus flavonoids hesperidin and naringin do not affect serum cholesterol in moderately hypercholesterolemic men and womenJ Nutr.(2010 Sep)
  108. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Miwa Y, Yamada M, Sunayama T, Mitsuzumi H, Tsuzaki Y, Chaen H, Mishima Y, Kibata MEffects of glucosyl hesperidin on serum lipids in hyperlipidemic subjects: preferential reduction in elevated serum triglyceride levelJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2004 Jun)
  109. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Miwa Y, Mitsuzumi H, Sunayama T, Yamada M, Okada K, Kubota M, Chaen H, Mishima Y, Kibata MGlucosyl hesperidin lowers serum triglyceride level in hypertriglyceridemic subjects through the improvement of very low-density lipoprotein metabolic abnormalityJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2005 Dec)
  110. Insulin - Zou Y, Liao D, Huang H, Li T, Chi HA systematic review and meta-analysis of beta-glucan consumption on glycemic control in hypercholesterolemic individuals.Int J Food Sci Nutr.(2015)
  111. Insulin - Mousavi SM, Beatriz Pizarro A, Akhgarjand C, Bagheri A, Persad E, Karimi E, Wong A, Jayedi AThe effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) supplementation on lipid profile and glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2022)
  112. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Kojuri J, Vosoughi AR, Akrami MEffects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patientsLipids Health Dis.(2007 Mar 1)
  113. Apolipoprotein A - Chedraui P, San Miguel G, Hidalgo L, Morocho N, Ross SEffect of Trifolium pratense-derived isoflavones on the lipid profile of postmenopausal women with increased body mass indexGynecol Endocrinol.(2008 Nov)
  114. Weight - Howes JB, Sullivan D, Lai N, Nestel P, Pomeroy S, West L, Eden JA, Howes LGThe effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on the lipoprotein profiles of post menopausal women with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemiaAtherosclerosis.(2000 Sep)
  115. Weight - Terzic MM, Dotlic J, Maricic S, Mihailovic T, Tosic-Race BInfluence of red clover-derived isoflavones on serum lipid profile in postmenopausal womenJ Obstet Gynaecol Res.(2009 Dec)
  116. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Nestel P, Cehun M, Chronopoulos A, DaSilva L, Teede H, McGrath BA biochanin-enriched isoflavone from red clover lowers LDL cholesterol in menEur J Clin Nutr.(2004 Mar)
  117. Apolipoprotein A - Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Prakash SCholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trialEur J Clin Nutr.(2012 Nov)
  118. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Parent M, Prakash SCholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adultsBr J Nutr.(2012 May)
  119. Plasma Vitamin D - Jones ML, Martoni CJ, Prakash SOral supplementation with probiotic L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 increases mean circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trialJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2013 Jul)
  120. Apolipoprotein A - Schwab U, Alfthan G, Aro A, Uusitupa MLong-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2011 Jan)
  121. Weight - Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Götting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Stehle P, Koertke H, Koerfer RVitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markersAm J Clin Nutr.(2009 May)
  122. Weight - Chu TT, Benzie IF, Lam CW, Fok BS, Lee KK, Tomlinson BStudy of potential cardioprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi): results of a controlled human intervention trialBr J Nutr.(2012 Apr)
  123. Weight - Lin Guan, Peng MiaoThe effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2020 Oct 15)
  124. Weight - Fredriksen J, Ueland T, Dyrøy E, Halvorsen B, Melby K, Melbye L, Skalhegg BS, Bohov P, Skorve J, Berge RK, Aukrust P, Frøland SSLipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects of tetradecylthioacetic acid in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapyEur J Clin Invest.(2004 Oct)
  125. Total cholesterol - Morken T, Bohov P, Skorve J, Ulvik R, Aukrust P, Berge RK, Livden JKAnti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects of the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid in psoriasis--a pilot studyScand J Clin Lab Invest.(2011 Jul)
  126. Weight - Riche DM, Riche KD, Blackshear CT, McEwen CL, Sherman JJ, Wofford MR, Griswold MEPterostilbene on metabolic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trialEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2014)
  127. Weight - Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, Solomon JL, Blanchard D, Nasser JA, Strauss R, Meredith THerbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trialInt J Obes Relat Metab Disord.(2002 May)
  128. Weight - Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Hoyson R, Janosky JE, Wolf RPyruvate supplementation of a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet: effects on plasma lipid concentrations and body composition in hyperlipidemic patientsAm J Clin Nutr.(1994 Feb)
  129. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Lonchar KD, Arch JEPlasma lipid concentrations in hyperlipidemic patients consuming a high-fat diet supplemented with pyruvate for 6 wkAm J Clin Nutr.(1992 Nov)
  130. Weight - Hana Kahleova, Kitt Falk Petersen, Gerald I Shulman, Jihad Alwarith, Emilie Rembert, Andrea Tura, Martin Hill, Richard Holubkov, Neal D BarnardEffect of a Low-Fat Vegan Diet on Body Weight, Insulin Sensitivity, Postprandial Metabolism, and Intramyocellular and Hepatocellular Lipid Levels in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Clinical TrialJAMA Netw Open.(2020 Nov 2)
  131. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Ann-Charlotte Elkan, Beatrice Sjöberg, Björn Kolsrud, Bo Ringertz, Ingiäld Hafström, Johan FrostegårdGluten-free vegan diet induces decreased LDL and oxidized LDL levels and raised atheroprotective natural antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized studyArthritis Res Ther.(2008)
  132. Apolipoprotein B - Li SS, Blanco Mejia S, Lytvyn L, Stewart SE, Viguiliouk E, Ha V, de Souza RJ, Leiter LA, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, Sievenpiper JLEffect of Plant Protein on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsJ Am Heart Assoc.(2017 Dec 20)
  133. Blood Pressure - Michael Macknin, Tammie Kong, Adam Weier, Sarah Worley, Anne S Tang, Naim Alkhouri, Mladen GolubicPlant-based, no-added-fat or American Heart Association diets: impact on cardiovascular risk in obese children with hypercholesterolemia and their parentsJ Pediatr.(2015 Apr)
  134. Blood Pressure - Richard J Bloomer, Trint A Gunnels, JohnHenry M SchrieferComparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific MeasuresHealthcare (Basel).(2015 Jul 14)
  135. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Kassis AN, Jones PJLack of cholesterol-lowering efficacy of Cuban sugar cane policosanols in hypercholesterolemic personsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Nov)
  136. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Backes JM, Gibson CA, Ruisinger JF, Moriarty PMModified-policosanol does not reduce plasma lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic patients when used alone or in combination with statin therapyLipids.(2011 Oct)
  137. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Castaño G, Más R, Fernández JC, Fernández L, Illnait J, López EEffects of policosanol on older patients with hypertension and type II hypercholesterolaemiaDrugs R D.(2002)
  138. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Castaño G, Más R, Fernández JC, Illnait J, Fernández L, Alvarez EEffects of policosanol in older patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and high coronary riskJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2001 Mar)
  139. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Dulin MF, Hatcher LF, Sasser HC, Barringer TAPolicosanol is ineffective in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Dec)
  140. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Francini-Pesenti F, Beltramolli D, Dall'acqua S, Brocadello FEffect of sugar cane policosanol on lipid profile in primary hypercholesterolemiaPhytother Res.(2008 Mar)
  141. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Mirkin A, Mas R, Martinto M, Boccanera R, Robertis A, Poudes R, Fuster A, Lastreto E, Yañez M, Irico G, McCook B, Farré AEfficacy and tolerability of policosanol in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal womenInt J Clin Pharmacol Res.(2001)
  142. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Cubeddu LX, Cubeddu RJ, Heimowitz T, Restrepo B, Lamas GA, Weinberg GBComparative lipid-lowering effects of policosanol and atorvastatin: a randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAm Heart J.(2006 Nov)
  143. Blood Flow - Reiner Z, Tedeschi-Reiner ERice policosanol does not have any effects on blood coagulation factors in hypercholesterolemic patientsColl Antropol.(2007 Dec)
  144. LDL Oxidation - Kassis AN, Kubow S, Jones PJSugar cane policosanols do not reduce LDL oxidation in hypercholesterolemic individualsLipids.(2009 May)
  145. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Ried K, Toben C, Fakler PEffect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2013 May)
  146. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Adler AJ, Holub BJEffect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic menAm J Clin Nutr.(1997 Feb)
  147. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Budoff MJ, Takasu J, Flores FR, Niihara Y, Lu B, Lau BH, Rosen RT, Amagase HInhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary studyPrev Med.(2004 Nov)
  148. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Sobenin IA, Andrianova IV, Demidova ON, Gorchakova T, Orekhov ANLipid-lowering effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized studyJ Atheroscler Thromb.(2008 Dec)
  149. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RIA double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipidsAm J Clin Nutr.(1996 Dec)
  150. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, Parfitt A, Simons J, Peters WOn the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemiaAtherosclerosis.(1995 Mar)
  151. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Phelps S, Harris WSGarlic supplementation and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibilityLipids.(1993 May)
  152. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov ANThe effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery diseaseLipids Health Dis.(2010 Oct 19)
  153. Total cholesterol - Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SLEffect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysisAnn Intern Med.(1993 Oct 1)
  154. Total cholesterol - Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst EGarlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trialsAnn Intern Med.(2000 Sep 19)
  155. Total cholesterol - Mader FHTreatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind studyArzneimittelforschung.(1990 Oct)
  156. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Magyar K, Halmosi R, Palfi A, Feher G, Czopf L, Fulop A, Battyany I, Sumegi B, Toth K, Szabados ECardioprotection by resveratrol: A human clinical trial in patients with stable coronary artery diseaseClin Hemorheol Microcirc.(2012 Jan 1)
  157. TNF-Alpha - Melodi Omraninava, Bahman Razi, Saeed Aslani, Danyal Imani, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Amirhossein SahebkarEffect of resveratrol on inflammatory cytokines: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEur J Pharmacol.(2021 Oct 5)
  158. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Minggang Wei, Peihua Xiong, Ling Zhang, Mei Fei, Aiping Chen, Fengling LiPerilla oil and exercise decrease expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and highly sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with hyperlipidemiaJ Tradit Chin Med.(2013 Apr)
  159. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Szapary PO, Wolfe ML, Bloedon LT, Cucchiara AJ, DerMarderosian AH, Cirigliano MD, Rader DJGuggulipid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2003 Aug 13)
  160. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Nohr LA, Rasmussen LB, Straand JResin from the mukul myrrh tree, guggul, can it be used for treating hypercholesterolemia? A randomized, controlled studyComplement Ther Med.(2009 Jan)
  161. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, Richard MN, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Hirono S, Zettler ME, Pierce GNA comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteersJ Am Coll Nutr.(2008 Feb)
  162. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Bunea R, El Farrah K, Deutsch LEvaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemiaAltern Med Rev.(2004 Dec)
  163. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Trautwein EA, Du Y, Meynen E, Yan X, Wen Y, Wang H, Molhuizen HOPurified black tea theaflavins and theaflavins/catechin supplements did not affect serum lipids in healthy individuals with mildly to moderately elevated cholesterol concentrationsEur J Nutr.(2010 Feb)
  164. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Talirevic E, Jelena SQuercetin in the treatment of dyslipidemiaMed Arh.(2012)
  165. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Roberts LJ 2nd, Oates JA, Linton MF, Fazio S, Meador BP, Gross MD, Shyr Y, Morrow JDThe relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humansFree Radic Biol Med.(2007 Nov 15)
  166. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Kempf K, Herder C, Erlund I, Kolb H, Martin S, Carstensen M, Koenig W, Sundvall J, Bidel S, Kuha S, Tuomilehto JEffects of coffee consumption on subclinical inflammation and other risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a clinical trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Apr)
  167. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Lee DH, Park MY, Shim BJ, Youn HJ, Hwang HJ, Shin HC, Jeon HKEffects of Ecklonia cava Polyphenol in Individuals with Hypercholesterolemia: A Pilot StudyJ Med Food.(2012 Nov)
  168. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Wei MY, Jacobson TAEffects of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysisCurr Atheroscler Rep.(2011 Dec)
  169. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Blond E, Rieusset J, Alligier M, Lambert-Porcheron S, Bendridi N, Gabert L, Chetiveaux M, Debard C, Chauvin MA, Normand S, Roth H, de Gouville AC, Krempf M, Vidal H, Goudable J, Laville M, “Niacin” Study GroupNicotinic acid effects on insulin sensitivity and hepatic lipid metabolism: an in vivo to in vitro studyHorm Metab Res.(2014 Jun)
  170. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Sharpe SJ, Gamble GD, Sharpe DNCholesterol-lowering and blood pressure effects of immune milkAm J Clin Nutr.(1994 Apr)
  171. Total cholesterol - Golay A, Ferrara JM, Felber JP, Schneider HCholesterol-lowering effect of skim milk from immunized cows in hypercholesterolemic patientsAm J Clin Nutr.(1990 Dec)
  172. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Berger A, Rein D, Schäfer A, Monnard I, Gremaud G, Lambelet P, Bertoli CSimilar cholesterol-lowering properties of rice bran oil, with varied gamma-oryzanol, in mildly hypercholesterolemic menEur J Nutr.(2005 Mar)
  173. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Mourad AM, de Carvalho Pincinato E, Mazzola PG, Sabha M, Moriel PInfluence of soy lecithin administration on hypercholesterolemiaCholesterol.(2010)
  174. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Okamura S, Sawada Y, Satoh T, Sakamoto H, Saito Y, Sumino H, Takizawa T, Kogure T, Chaichantipyuth C, Higuchi Y, Ishikawa T, Sakamaki TPueraria mirifica phytoestrogens improve dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women probably by activating estrogen receptor subtypesTohoku J Exp Med.(2008 Dec)
  175. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Yang NC, Chou CW, Chen CY, Hwang KL, Yang YCCombined nattokinase with red yeast rice but not nattokinase alone has potent effects on blood lipids in human subjects with hyperlipidemia.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.(2009)
  176. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Kastorini, C.M., et al.The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components: a meta-analysis of 50 studies and 534,906 individualsJ Am Coll Cardiol.(2011-03-15)
  177. Endothelial Function - Shannon OM, Mendes I, Köchl C, Mazidi M, Ashor AW, Rubele S, Minihane AM, Mathers JC, Siervo MMediterranean Diet Increases Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.J Nutr.(2020-May-01)
  178. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Zamani M, Ashtary-Larky D, Nosratabadi S, Bagheri R, Wong A, Rafiei MM, Asiabar MM, Khalili P, Asbaghi O, Davoodi SHThe effects of Gymnema Sylvestre supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic control, blood pressure, and anthropometric indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytother Res.(2023-Mar)
  179. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Ding KX, Gao TL, Xu R, Cai J, Zhang HQ, Sun YY, Zhong F, Ma AGQuantifying the Effect of Supplementation with Algae and Its Extracts on Glycolipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2020-Jun-08)
  180. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Fallah AA, Sarmast E, Habibian Dehkordi S, Engardeh J, Mahmoodnia L, Khaledifar A, Jafari TEffect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr.(2018-Dec)
  181. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, Mobarak S, Asadi M, Sadeghi OEffect of supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris on lipid profile in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Complement Ther Med.(2022-Jun)
  182. Total cholesterol - Sonia Blanco Mejia, Mark Messina, Siying S Li, Effie Viguiliouk, Laura Chiavaroli, Tauseef A Khan, Korbua Srichaikul, Arash Mirrahimi, John L Sievenpiper, Penny Kris-Etherton, David J A JenkinsA Meta-Analysis of 46 Studies Identified by the FDA Demonstrates That Soy Protein Decreases Circulating LDL and Total Cholesterol Concentrations in AdultsJ Nutr.(2019 Jun 1)
  183. Total cholesterol - Piotr Duchnowicz, Agmieszka Nowicka, Maria Koter-Michalak, Marlena BroncelIn vivo influence of extract from Aronia melanocarpa on the erythrocyte membranes in patients with hypercholesterolemiaMed Sci Monit.(2012 Sep)
  184. Total cholesterol - Lee E, Kolunsarka I, Kostensalo J, Ahtiainen JP, Haapala EA, Willeit P, Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JAEffects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: a multi-arm, randomized controlled trial.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2022-Sep-01)
  185. Blood Pressure - Akinori Masuda, Masaaki Miyata, Takashi Kihara, Shinichi Minagoe, Chuwa TeiRepeated sauna therapy reduces urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha)Jpn Heart J.(2004 Mar)
  186. Glycemic Control - Gualano B, DE Salles Painneli V, Roschel H, Artioli GG, Neves M Jr, De Sá Pinto AL, Da Silva ME, Cunha MR, Otaduy MC, Leite Cda C, Ferreira JC, Pereira RM, Brum PC, Bonfá E, Lancha AH JrCreatine in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2011 May)
  187. Blood Pressure - Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Busjahn A, Schmidlin C, Schmidt A, Bradl B, Aydogan CFood supplementation with an olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces blood pressure in borderline hypertensive monozygotic twinsPhytother Res.(2008 Sep)