Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by the excessive production of thyroid hormone. If left untreated, it can increase the risk of osteoporosis, atrial fibrillation, and stroke, and in rare cases, it may escalate to a life-threatening condition called thyroid storm.

The main signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism include palpitations, high blood pressure, tremors, sweating, weight loss, anxiety, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes).

Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed through blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels — including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), T3, T4, and free T4 — along with a comprehensive clinical assessment. Additional diagnostic tests may include thyroid ultrasound and radioactive iodine uptake.

The main medical treatments for hyperthyroidism include antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine ablation, and surgical removal of the thyroid. Additionally, beta-blockers may be prescribed to alleviate cardiovascular symptoms related to the condition.

Calcium and calcitriol may be taken for hypocalcemia after a thyroidectomy, and L-carnitine and selenium have been studied for hyperthyroidism. Biotin can falsely elevate thyroid hormone levels, so it’s advised to discontinue its use 2 days before testing.

Excessive consumption of iodine-rich foods can cause or worsen hyperthyroidism. Limited research suggests that the autoimmune protocol diet may improve symptoms associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidism.

Studies have explored herbal medicines found in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of hyperthyroidism, but there is insufficient high-quality evidence on their efficacy.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease, an autoimmune condition that leads to excessive thyroid hormone production. Other causes include toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenomas, thyroid cancer, and certain medications.