Lactation is the process of milk production and secretion from the mammary glands, beginning during pregnancy and continuing postpartum. it is initially regulated by hormones, and ongoing lactation becomes fully stimulated by milk removal from the breasts by 10 days postpartum.

Moderate exercise does not affect milk production or infant growth, but intense exercise may temporarily change milk composition, such as increasing lactic acid and decreasing secretory IgA levels, though these changes revert to baseline within an hour. Infants can safely consume milk produced immediately after intense exercise despite these temporary alterations.

Many supplements, such as fenugreek and moringa, have been studied for their effects on lactation, but there is insufficient and inconsistent evidence to support their effectiveness in increasing milk supply. Additionally, some herbal supplements may potentially suppress lactation or alter the composition of breast milk, so lactating parents should consult a healthcare provider before using any supplements.

Diet can influence lactation, but human milk volume and composition remain stable across various diets. A balanced, nutrient-dense diet is essential for meeting the increased caloric and nutrient demands of lactation and helps to prevent deficiencies and support the health of the lactating parent.

Lactation can be affected by various factors including milk removal, stress, medications, hormonal changes, fatigue, genetics, and breast surgery. It is important to optimize breastfeeding techniques and consult healthcare providers about the use of medications or recreational drugs while breastfeeding.