A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident, occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is lost, primarily due to a blood clot (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). This loss of blood flow can lead to brain cell death, which results in potential death, brain damage, or disability, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) indicate a heightened risk for future strokes.

Stroke symptoms can vary based on the individual and the affected brain area, but they typically begin suddenly in approximately 96% of cases. Common symptoms include dizziness, loss of balance, one-sided weakness or numbness, slurred speech, vision problems, headache, nausea, and uncoordinated movements.

A stroke is diagnosed by a healthcare provider through an assessment of signs and symptoms, medical history, and brain imaging scans like CT or MRI. The provider evaluates alertness, coordination, sensation, strength, and vision and may also conduct heart tests to check for blood clots and other issues.

Stroke management involves 3 main categories: acute treatment during the stroke at the hospital, poststroke rehabilitation to address disabilities, and preventative treatments to reduce the risk of recurrence through medications and lifestyle changes. These approaches aim to mitigate the immediate effects of a stroke, support recovery, and promote long-term health.

Certain dietary supplements have been studied for stroke recovery and prevention, and folic acid and B vitamin complex have shown potential in reducing stroke risk, particularly in regions that lack folic acid fortification. In contrast, multivitamins and nutrients like vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin C do not appear to prevent stroke, and the evidence for supplements like ginkgo and astragalus for recovery is inconclusive.

A healthy diet can reduce the risk of both recurrent and first-time strokes, whereas an unhealthy diet increases that risk. Key components of a heart-healthy diet include low saturated fats, sodium, and sugar, along with high intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Controlling high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol through behaviors such as regular exercise, stress reduction, and maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent stroke. These interventions are important for reducing stroke risk.

A stroke can be caused by a blood clot (ischemic stroke) or a bleed (hemorrhagic stroke) in the brain. Various conditions can increase the risk of stroke over time, particularly uncontrolled high blood pressure, along with factors like diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and lifestyle choices.