Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disruption in brain function caused by physical trauma and is classified as either closed or open based on whether the skull is penetrated. TBIs are further categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. Mild TBI is commonly known as a concussion, and severe cases can lead to coma, permanent disability, or death.

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea, fatigue, and memory issues, whereas moderate to severe TBI may occur with worsening symptoms like persistent headaches, severe vomiting, confusion, and seizures. Both mild and severe TBIs can initially appear similar, but the symptoms may escalate over time.

Traumatic brain injury is diagnosed via a thorough medical history and neurological examination that looks for signs such as decreased consciousness, confusion, amnesia, and neurological deficits. Imaging tests like CT or MRI may also be performed to identify any serious brain injuries that need surgical intervention.

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is typically treated with monitoring and strategies for returning to daily activities, whereas moderate to severe cases require emergency neurological life support and may involve surgery to relieve pressure on the brain. Once stable, people with TBI may also receive noninvasive treatments like osmotic therapy to manage pressure.

Supplemental vitamin E and C may have positive effects on traumatic brain injury, and curcumin, DHA, vitamin D, and magnesium also show potential benefits, though further research is needed to determine the optimal dosages and timing for these supplements.

Although there are no specific dietary strategies that are proven to improve recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI), maintaining a normal BMI and consuming a diet rich in micronutrients may be beneficial. Being underweight can negatively affect recovery outcomes, although this effect is not exclusive to TBI.

Several new treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are being researched — including statins, progesterone, cyclosporin A, targeted temperature management, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and erythropoietin — and each shows potential neuroprotective effects. Additionally, long-term interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, balance training, and vestibular therapy may be necessary to address persistent functional impairments.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that impacts the head, which leads to brain injury. In people over age 65, falls are the most common cause, whereas younger people often experience TBIs from motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and interpersonal violence.