2024-11-26 16:13:02
Updated a FAQ.
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We added some additional information to the FAQ "What are the ketogenic diet's main drawbacks?"
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Ketogenic Diet
•Last Updated: November 26, 2024
The ketogenic diet limits carbohydrate intake and promotes a higher fat intake with a moderate amount of protein. Carbohydrates are usually limited to 50 grams per day. It has been used to help with weight loss, for glycemic control in people with diabetes, and as an adjunct to treatment-resistant epilepsy.
Ketogenic Diet is most often used for
Last Updated:November 26, 2024
The ketogenic diet is a nutritional strategy that is characterized by high fat, moderate protein, and low carbohydrate intakes; it typically recommends 50 grams of carbohydrates per day or less. This low carbohydrate intake induces a metabolic state similar to fasting, which promotes fat utilization and the production of ketone bodies.
The ketogenic diet is primarily used for weight loss and can help improve glycemic control in people with diabetes and decrease seizure frequency in children with epilepsy. However, its long-term benefits are similar to those of other calorie-restricted diets, and caution is advised for people with high cholesterol due to potential adverse effects.
The ketogenic diet may cause mild adverse effects known as "keto flu," which include nausea and fatigue, and can lead to constipation due to low fiber intake. Additionally, it may negatively affect lipid profiles, increase the risk of kidney stones, cause vitamin deficiencies, and can be difficult to adhere to, particularly for people with certain medical conditions or those prone to hypoglycemia.
The ketogenic diet works by depleting the body's glucose stores, which prompts the liver to produce glucose for a few days before shifting to fatty acids as a new energy source. These fatty acids are then converted into ketone bodies, which the body uses for energy, leading to a state of ketosis.
Note that Ketogenic Diet is also known as:
- keto
- keto diet
- keto diets
- ketogenic diets
- Low carb ketogenic diet (LCKD)
- Very low carb ketogenic diet (VLCKD)
Ketogenic Diet should not be confused with:
- Atkins
- Low-carb
The ketogenic diet is based on a low carbohydrate intake and a higher fat intake. Various definitions exist. The most commonly used is as follows:[1][2][3]
- Less than 50 grams of carbohydrates per day
- a minimum of 45% (and up to a maximum of 80%) of calories from fat
- 45% of calories from fat
- Remaining calories from protein
A VLCKD is more frequently used by physicians for treating people with obesity or epilepsy. It is defined as follows:[4]
- Less than 800 calories per day
- Less than 30 grams of carbohydrates per day
- Around 45% of calories from fat
- Around 40% of calories from protein
Research FeedRead all studies
There is no official definition for a low-carbohydrate diet because standards vary.
Low carb dieting seems pretty simple at first: just eat fewer carbs. But fewer than … what?
There are three carb cutoffs that researchers use to define “low-carb”, plus a fourth option that involves carb timing. Let’s quickly see what those are.
Option 1: Eat less than ~50 grams of carbs (aka ketogenic dieting)
Once you go below 50 grams of carbs a day, most studies classify that as a Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD). You’ll see the overlapping term “VLC” thrown around more frequently on websites than “VLCKD”.
When you think of the Atkins Diet, or even medical diets based on Atkins, they fall under this category. This carb level is supposed to lead to extra fat loss magic, which has been mostly disproved by recent experiments. Regardless, the lower you go below 50 grams of carbs, the more ketones you produce. And for some conditions (especially epilepsy), ketones could be beneficial. Other people just feel better eating VLC diets.
Eating less than 50 grams of carbs guarantees you admission to the low-carb club. Even your body knows about this club membership, since your liver is forced to make ketones in order to preserve glucose.
Option 2: Eat less than ~150 grams of carbs (aka the amount stored in your liver)
Your liver stores carbohydrate in the form of glycogen, maxing out at around 150 grams of stored carbs. If you fast for a day or two, or just eat very low carb intakes, that’ll exhaust your liver’s glycogen stores.
This is also roughly the maximum carb intake that real life low-carbers would consider “low-carb”. And it would come with a qualification like “yeah, I eat fairly low carb”.
Anecdotally, when people eat below 100-120 grams of carbs a day, some of them feel really crappy. The reasons for this can vary by person. Some simply crave more carbs and are dissatisfied with what’s going into their bellies. Also, our intestines can be finicky, leading to altered bowel habits and altered microbiomes even after just a day of carb changes. And since neurotransmitters abound in that area (such as the 90% of your body’s serotonin that’s produced in the gut), your brain can be impacted by what impacts your gut.
If you eat somewhere between 100-150 grams of carbs, you’re way lower than average, and your body is quickly burning through its liver carb stores. If you eat extra protein, that can provide a buffer to replenish these stores.
Option 3: Eat less than ~250 grams of carbs (aka less than the average person eats)
The average American eats a little over 300 grams of carbs a day.
So if you instead eat a little over 200 grams of carbs a day, you might not be welcome at your local low-carb meetup, but you are definitely firmly in the lower-carb end of things -- slashing carb intake by almost half.
This carb level can be a nice middle-of-the-road intake, especially since it doesn’t seem to impair muscle performance. Then again, it doesn’t appear to provide the metabolic benefits of lower carb intakes in overweight people with diabetes.
Absolutely nobody would call this a low-carb diet. But it’s lower than what most people eat, and is easily sustainable for almost everyone.
Option 4: Eat carbs only at certain times or days (aka targeted or cyclical ketogenic dieting)
Everyone you know has actually tried a low-carb diet before. That’s because everyone’s low-carb between meals!
Most people are only low-carb for around ten hours: eight hours of sleep plus a couple more hours. Others are low-carb for many years. But there’s actually a standardized low-carb diet that falls between those extremes.
Its called the cyclical ketogenic diet (CKD), which basically involves low-carb weekdays and carb refeeds on the weekend. This diet is especially beneficial for athletes or those interested in fine tuning body composition, since you can drastically lower calories for most of the week then fuel exercise with carbs for a day or two.
CKD is just one form of intermittent carbohydrate restriction, which has shown benefits in a few trials. There’s one other way you can restrict carbs, by only eating carbs around workout time (TKD, or targeted ketogenic diet). All of these diets are ways to play around with energy restriction based on timing, with the most popular form being intermittent fasting.
You can modify carb intake in creative ways other than just eating less every day. For example, eating less on certain days, not eating much carb when you’re not working out much, or just fasting for a large portion of the day.
There is no standard definition of low-carb, and hence everybody and their mother and their health guru has their own definition. The only definitions that matter are those that your body understands, such as the level that depletes liver glycogen, or the level that reliably produces ketones, or most importantly the level where you still enjoy eating but also doesn’t make you gain too much extra weight.
2024-08-08 00:30:03
Dosage clarification
minor
We made a minor update to the dosage section of this page.
Written By
2024-04-06 00:30:04
Full page update
major
We updated the following FAQs: Ketogenic diet dosage: updated information to define amounts of carbohydrates in ketogenic diet versus very low calorie ketogenic diet What is a ketogenic diet: updated information to explain how the nutritional ketosis develops from the ketogenic diet Ketogenic diet drawbacks: elaborated on the potential negatives of a ketogenic diet and gave more specific drawbacks with updated research ketogenic diet benefits: New FAQ. Elaborated on potential benefits of the ketogenic diet and added new evidence
Additionally, we added 9 new meta-analyses to the database.
- ^Amini MR, Askarpour M, Ghalandari H, Gholizadeh M, Pouraram HEffect of ketogenic diet on blood pressure: A GRADE-Assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2024-Apr)
- ^Choy KYC, Louie JCYThe effects of the ketogenic diet for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of recent studies.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2023-Dec)
- ^Devi N, Madaan P, Kandoth N, Bansal D, Sahu JKEfficacy and Safety of Dietary Therapies for Childhood Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.JAMA Pediatr.(2023 Mar 1)
- ^Giovanna Muscogiuri, Marwan El Ghoch, Annamaria Colao, Maria Hassapidou, Volkan Yumuk, Luca Busetto, Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF) of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisObes Facts.(2021)
- ^Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Omid Asbaghi, Grant M Tinsley, Wesam Kooti, Amir Abbasnezhad, Reza Afrisham, Alexei WongEffects of resistance training combined with a ketogenic diet on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Feb 24)
- ^Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide TVery-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBr J Nutr.(2013 May 7)
- ^Zhou C, Wang M, Liang J, He G, Chen NKetogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails.Int J Environ Res Public Health.(2022 Aug 22)
- ^Mohammad Reza Amini, Azadeh Aminianfar, Sina Naghshi, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad EsmaillzadehThe effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 14)
- ^Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli PEfficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2019 Nov 9)
- ^Mohamed Rafiullah, Mohthash Musambil, Satish Kumar DavidEffect of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet vs recommended diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2021 Aug 2)
- ^Parry-Strong A, Wright-McNaughton M, Weatherall M, Hall RM, Coppell KJ, Barthow C, Krebs JDVery low carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetes Obes Metab.(2022-Dec)
- ^Gohari S, Ghobadi S, Jafari A, Ahangar H, Gohari S, Mahjani MThe effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension and ketogenic diets intervention on serum uric acid concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Sci Rep.(2023 Jun 28)
- ^Joo M, Moon S, Lee YS, Kim MGEffects of very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets on lipid profiles in normal-weight (body mass indexNutr Rev.(2023-Mar-17)
- ^Martin-McGill KJ, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PNKetogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2020-06-24)
- ^Jo Sourbron, Sylvia Klinkenberg, Sander M J van Kuijk, Lieven Lagae, Danielle Lambrechts, Hilde M H Braakman, Marian MajoieKetogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric epilepsy: review and meta-analysisChilds Nerv Syst.(2020 Jun)
- ^Mhanna A, Mhanna M, Beran A, Al-Chalabi M, Aladamat N, Mahfooz NModified Atkins diet versus ketogenic diet in children with drug-resistant epilepsy: A meta-analysis of comparative studies.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022 Oct)
- ^Ruan Y, Chen L, She D, Chung Y, Ge L, Han LKetogenic diet for epilepsy: an overview of systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2022 Sep)
- ^Stafstrom CE, Rho JMThe ketogenic diet as a treatment paradigm for diverse neurological disorders.Front Pharmacol.(2012)
- ^Varaee H, Darand M, Hassanizadeh S, Hosseinzadeh MEffect of low-carbohydrate diet on depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.J Affect Disord.(2023-Mar-15)
- ^Furini C, Spaggiari G, Simoni M, Greco C, Santi DKetogenic state improves testosterone serum levels-results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine.(2022-Sep-23)
- ^Wajeed Masood, Pavan Annamaraju, Kalyan R. UppaluriKetogenic Diet
- ^Watanabe M, Tuccinardi D, Ernesti I, Basciani S, Mariani S, Genco A, Manfrini S, Lubrano C, Gnessi LScientific evidence underlying contraindications to the ketogenic diet: An update.Obes Rev.(2020 Oct)
- ^Wang Y, Zhou K, Wang V, Bao D, Zhou JThe Effects of Concurrent Training Combined with Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition and Aerobic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Int J Environ Res Public Health.(2022-Sep-14)
- ^Jingguo Cao, Siman Lei, Xiuqiang Wang, Sulin ChengThe Effect of a Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet on Aerobic Capacity and Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Aug 23)
- ^Salvador Vargas-Molina, José L Gómez-Urquiza, Jerónimo García-Romero, Javier Benítez-PorresEffects of the Ketogenic Diet on Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisInt J Environ Res Public Health.(2022 Oct 3)
- ^McSwiney FT, Doyle L, Plews DJ, Zinn CImpact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights.Open Access J Sports Med.(2019)
- ^Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Główka N, Ziobrowska A, Podgórski TIs a Four-Week Ketogenic Diet an Effective Nutritional Strategy in CrossFit-Trained Female and Male Athletes?Nutrients.(2021 Mar 6)
- ^Ascierto PA, Kirkwood JM, Grob JJ, Simeone E, Grimaldi AM, Maio M, Palmieri G, Testori A, Marincola FM, Mozzillo NThe role of BRAF V600 mutation in melanoma.J Transl Med.(2012 Jul 9)
- ^Daniela D Weber, Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari, Julia Tulipan, Luca Catalano, René G Feichtinger, Barbara KoflerKetogenic diet in the treatment of cancer - Where do we stand?Mol Metab.(2020 Mar)
- ^Zhao H, Jin H, Xian J, Zhang Z, Shi J, Bai XEffect of Ketogenic Diets on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters of Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2022-Oct-08)
- ^Firman CH, Mellor DD, Unwin D, Brown ADoes a Ketogenic Diet Have a Place Within Diabetes Clinical Practice? Review of Current Evidence and Controversies.Diabetes Ther.(2024 Jan)
- ^Zaki HA, Iftikhar H, Bashir K, Gad H, Samir Fahmy A, Elmoheen AA Comparative Study Evaluating the Effectiveness Between Ketogenic and Low-Carbohydrate Diets on Glycemic and Weight Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cureus.(2022 May)
- ^Buehler LA, Noe D, Knapp S, Isaacs D, Pantalone KMKetogenic diets in the management of type 1 diabetes: Safe or safety concern?Cleve Clin J Med.(2021 Oct 1)
- ^Leow ZZX, Guelfi KJ, Davis EA, Jones TW, Fournier PAThe glycaemic benefits of a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus may be opposed by increased hypoglycaemia risk and dyslipidaemia.Diabet Med.(2018-May-08)
- ^Gardemann C, Knowles S, Marquardt TManaging type 1 diabetes mellitus with a ketogenic diet.Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep.(2023 Aug 1)
- ^McClean AM, Montorio L, McLaughlin D, McGovern S, Flanagan NCan a ketogenic diet be safely used to improve glycaemic control in a child with type 1 diabetes?Arch Dis Child.(2019 May)
- ^Kosiek W, Rauk Z, Szulc P, Cichy A, Rugieł M, Chwiej J, Janeczko K, Setkowicz ZKetogenic diet impairs neurological development of neonatal rats and affects biochemical composition of maternal brains: evidence of functional recovery in pups.Brain Struct Funct.(2022 Apr)
- ^Rugiel M, Setkowicz-Janeczko Z, Kosiek W, Rauk Z, Kawon K, Chwiej JDoes Ketogenic Diet Used in Pregnancy Affect the Nervous System Development in Offspring?─FTIR Microspectroscopy Study.ACS Chem Neurosci.(2023 Aug 2)
- ^Whatley EG, Truong TT, Harvey AJ, Gardner DKAcetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate reduce mouse embryo viability via differential metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms.Reprod Biomed Online.(2023 Jan)
- ^de Amorim ALB, Rodrigues EF, Sussi EL, Neri LCLCarbohydrate restriction during lactation: A systematic review.Nutr Res.(2024 May)
- ^Nnodum BN, Oduah E, Albert D, Pettus MKetogenic Diet-Induced Severe Ketoacidosis in a Lactating Woman: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.Case Rep Nephrol.(2019)
- Hydration (Total Body Water) - Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TPEffect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetesAnn Intern Med.(2005 Mar 15)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Choy KYC, Louie JCYThe effects of the ketogenic diet for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of recent studies.Diabetes Metab Syndr.(2023-Dec)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Athinarayanan SJ, Adams RN, Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Bhanpuri NH, Campbell WW, Volek JS, Phinney SD, McCarter JPLong-Term Effects of a Novel Continuous Remote Care Intervention Including Nutritional Ketosis for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Non-randomized Clinical TrialFront Endocrinol (Lausanne).(2019 Jun 5)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Yeo Jin Choi, Sang-Min Jeon, Sooyoung ShinImpact of a Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Obesity or Overweight and with or without Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2020 Jul 6)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Mohamed Rafiullah, Mohthash Musambil, Satish Kumar DavidEffect of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet vs recommended diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysisNutr Rev.(2021 Aug 2)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Zhou C, Wang M, Liang J, He G, Chen NKetogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails.Int J Environ Res Public Health.(2022 Aug 22)
- Blood Flow - Francois ME, Myette-Cote E, Bammert TD, Durrer C, Neudorf H, DeSouza CA, Little JPCarbohydrate restriction with postmeal walking effectively mitigates postprandial hyperglycemia and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetesAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2018 Jan 1)
- Triglycerides - Myette-Côté É, Durrer C, Neudorf H, Bammert TD, Botezelli JD, Johnson JD, DeSouza CA, Little JPThe effect of a short-term low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with or without postmeal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trialAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2018 Dec 1)
- Triglycerides - Parry-Strong A, Wright-McNaughton M, Weatherall M, Hall RM, Coppell KJ, Barthow C, Krebs JDVery low carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetes Obes Metab.(2022-Dec)
- Body Fat - Mohammad Reza Amini, Azadeh Aminianfar, Sina Naghshi, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad EsmaillzadehThe effect of ketogenic diet on body composition and anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Jan 14)
- HbA1c - Jing T, Zhang S, Bai M, Chen Z, Gao S, Li S, Zhang JEffect of Dietary Approaches on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Nutrients.(2023-Jul-15)
- Uric Acid - Gohari S, Ghobadi S, Jafari A, Ahangar H, Gohari S, Mahjani MThe effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension and ketogenic diets intervention on serum uric acid concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Sci Rep.(2023 Jun 28)
- Depression Symptoms - Varaee H, Darand M, Hassanizadeh S, Hosseinzadeh MEffect of low-carbohydrate diet on depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.J Affect Disord.(2023-Mar-15)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DAA randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2003 Apr)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, Sears BKetogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate dietsAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 May)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Urbain P, Strom L, Morawski L, Wehrle A, Deibert P, Bertz HImpact of a 6-week non-energy-restricted ketogenic diet on physical fitness, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy adultsNutr Metab (Lond).(2017 Feb 20)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Noakes M, Foster PR, Keogh JB, James AP, Mamo JC, Clifton PMComparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular riskNutr Metab (Lond).(2006 Jan 11)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Partsalaki I, Karvela A, Spiliotis BEMetabolic impact of a ketogenic diet compared to a hypocaloric diet in obese children and adolescentsJ Pediatr Endocrinol Metab.(2012)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Yancy WS Jr, Westman EC, McDuffie JR, Grambow SC, Jeffreys AS, Bolton J, Chalecki A, Oddone EZA randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet vs orlistat plus a low-fat diet for weight lossArch Intern Med.(2010 Jan 25)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Hernandez TL, Sutherland JP, Wolfe P, Allian-Sauer M, Capell WH, Talley ND, Wyatt HR, Foster GD, Hill JO, Eckel RHLack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate dietAm J Clin Nutr.(2010 Mar)
- Weight - Vazquez JA, Kazi ULipolysis and gluconeogenesis from glycerol during weight reduction with very-low-calorie dietsMetabolism.(1994 Oct)
- Weight - Parker N Hyde, Teryn N Sapper, Christopher D Crabtree, Richard A LaFountain, Madison L Bowling, Alex Buga, Brandon Fell, Fionn T McSwiney, Ryan M Dickerson, Vincent J Miller, Debbie Scandling, Orlando P Simonetti, Stephen D Phinney, William J Kraemer, Sarah A King, Ronald M Krauss, Jeff S VolekDietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight lossJCI Insight.(2019 Jun 20)
- Weight - Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Omid Asbaghi, Grant M Tinsley, Wesam Kooti, Amir Abbasnezhad, Reza Afrisham, Alexei WongEffects of resistance training combined with a ketogenic diet on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysisCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021 Feb 24)
- Weight - Marzieh Taftian, Sara Beigrezaei, Vahid Arabi, Amin Salehi-AbargoueiThe Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Weight Loss in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical TrialsNutr Cancer.(2022 Feb 7)
- Muscle Mass - Phillips SA, Jurva JW, Syed AQ, Syed AQ, Kulinski JP, Pleuss J, Hoffmann RG, Gutterman DDBenefit of low-fat over low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial health in obesityHypertension.(2008 Feb)
- Muscle Mass - Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Phillips SAImprovements in vascular health by a low-fat diet, but not a high-fat diet, are mediated by changes in adipocyte biologyNutr J.(2011 Jan 20)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader DJ, Edman JS, Klein SA randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesityN Engl J Med.(2003 May 22)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Belobrajdic DP, Buckley JD, Clifton PMEffects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesityAm J Clin Nutr.(2008 Mar)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, DiPasquale C, Roti M, Pumerantz A, Kraemer WJComparison of a very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diet on fasting lipids, LDL subclasses, insulin resistance, and postprandial lipemic responses in overweight womenJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Apr)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Miguel Ángel López-Espinoza, Salvador Chacón-Moscoso, Susana Sanduvete-Chaves, María José Ortega-Maureira, Tamara Barrientos-BravoEffect of a Ketogenic Diet on the Nutritional Parameters of Obese Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Aug 25)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Castellana M, Conte E, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giustina A, Giovanella L, Giorgino F, Trimboli PEfficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.(2019 Nov 9)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide TVery-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBr J Nutr.(2013 May 7)
- Triglycerides - Rosenbaum M, Hall KD, Guo J, Ravussin E, Mayer LS, Reitman ML, Smith SR, Walsh BT, Leibel RLGlucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic DietObesity (Silver Spring).(2019 Jun)
- Testosterone - Furini C, Spaggiari G, Simoni M, Greco C, Santi DKetogenic state improves testosterone serum levels-results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine.(2022-Sep-23)
- Total cholesterol - Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JSVery low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight menJ Nutr.(2004 Apr)
- Total cholesterol - Joo M, Moon S, Lee YS, Kim MGEffects of very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets on lipid profiles in normal-weight (body mass index < 25 kg/m2) adults: a meta-analysis.Nutr Rev.(2023-Mar-17)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Amanollahi A, Khazdouz M, Malekahmadi M, Klement RJ, Lee D, Khodabakhshi AEffect of Ketogenic Diets on Cardio-Metabolic Outcomes in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials.Nutr Cancer.(2023)
- Noradrenaline - Bisschop PH, Pereira Arias AM, Ackermans MT, Endert E, Pijl H, Kuipers F, Meijer AJ, Sauerwein HP, Romijn JAThe effects of carbohydrate variation in isocaloric diets on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in healthy menJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2000 May)
- Blood glucose - Kirk E, Reeds DN, Finck BN, Mayurranjan SM, Patterson BW, Klein SDietary fat and carbohydrates differentially alter insulin sensitivity during caloric restrictionGastroenterology.(2009 May)
- Triglycerides - Ranjan A, Schmidt S, Damm-Frydenberg C, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Nørgaard KShort-term effects of a low carbohydrate diet on glycaemic variables and cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: A randomized open-label crossover trialDiabetes Obes Metab.(2017 Oct)
- Oxygen Uptake - Jingguo Cao, Siman Lei, Xiuqiang Wang, Sulin ChengThe Effect of a Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet on Aerobic Capacity and Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisNutrients.(2021 Aug 23)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Phillips MCL, Murtagh DKJ, Gilbertson LJ, Asztely FJS, Lynch CDPLow-fat versus ketogenic diet in Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized controlled trialMov Disord.(2018 Aug)
- Body Fat - Cohen CW, Fontaine KR, Arend RC, Alvarez RD, Leath CA III, Huh WK, Bevis KS, Kim KH, Straughn JM Jr, Gower BAA Ketogenic Diet Reduces Central Obesity and Serum Insulin in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial CancerJ Nutr.(2018 Aug 1)
- Weight - Ya-Feng Yang, Preety Babychen Mattamel, Tanya Joseph, Jian Huang, Qian Chen, Babatunde O Akinwunmi, Casper J P Zhang, Wai-Kit MingEfficacy of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet as an Adjuvant Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNutrients.(2021 Apr 21)
- Weight - Wang Z, Chen T, Wu S, Dong X, Zhang M, Ma GImpact of the ketogenic diet as a dietary approach on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2024 Aug)
- Blood Pressure - Amini MR, Askarpour M, Ghalandari H, Gholizadeh M, Pouraram HEffect of ketogenic diet on blood pressure: A GRADE-Assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2024-Apr)
- Seizure Frequency - Devi N, Madaan P, Kandoth N, Bansal D, Sahu JKEfficacy and Safety of Dietary Therapies for Childhood Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.JAMA Pediatr.(2023 Mar 1)
- Seizure Frequency - Martin-McGill KJ, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PNKetogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2020-06-24)
- Seizure Frequency - Jo Sourbron, Sylvia Klinkenberg, Sander M J van Kuijk, Lieven Lagae, Danielle Lambrechts, Hilde M H Braakman, Marian MajoieKetogenic diet for the treatment of pediatric epilepsy: review and meta-analysisChilds Nerv Syst.(2020 Jun)
- Seizure Frequency - Mhanna A, Mhanna M, Beran A, Al-Chalabi M, Aladamat N, Mahfooz NModified Atkins diet versus ketogenic diet in children with drug-resistant epilepsy: A meta-analysis of comparative studies.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2022 Oct)
- Cortisol - Joseph Whittaker, Miranda HarrisLow-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysisNutr Health.(2022 Mar 7)
- Blood glucose - Salido-Bueno B, Gil-Hernandez E, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Gomez-Chica P, Roman P, Cardona DEffects of ketogenic diets on cancer-related variables: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Nutr Bull.(2024 Jun 24)
- Seizures - Janssen-Aguilar R, la Portilla JG, Martínez-Juárez IE, Mimiaga-Hernandez C, Alvarado-Luis G, Aguilar-Hernandez A, Garcia-Esparza KA, Hernadez-Palestina M, Crail-Meléndez DThe impact of ketogenic diet on the frequency of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): A feasibility randomized pilot study.Epilepsia Open.(2025 Jan 22)