Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar may provide some health benefits when taken with meals, such as reducing glucose spikes and suppressing appetite. That being said, the magnitude of the benefits is unclear, and excessive vinegar consumption may damage the gastrointestinal tract.
Apple Cider Vinegar is most often used for
Last Updated:October 13, 2024
Apple cider vinegar is a vinegar made from apple juice. It contains the usual acetic acid content of vinegar and small amounts of various phytochemicals found in apples. It’s one of those widely beloved and yet widely scoffed-at word-of-mouth health remedies. Mix it with lemon juice and coconut oil, and you have the trifecta of popular home remedies (seems like a bad flavor combination though).
It seems to have a modest ability to reduces the glycemic index of foods, making it a possible tool for helping to manage blood sugar. More research is needed, and it’s unclear how its effects differ from any other type of vinegar, but the benefits are unlikely to differ a great deal since acetic acid may be the main driver of its benefits. Apple cider vinegar also seems to be mildly appetite-suppressing and may assist dieting, with a little research finding a spontaneous reduction in food intake and body fat.
Due to its acidic nature, it can damage various tissues and tooth enamel. Application to sensitive skin, excessive consumption (especially of undiluted vinegar), and excessive consumption of pickled foods may lead to damaged tissue. There is an association between pickled food and gastric cancer, and while it’s unclear what the connection might be, vinegar is a plausible explanation.
- ACV
30 ml daily, spread out between meals.
One fairly well-conducted study noted weight loss with vinegar, but the mechanism of this effect is unclear.
Vinegar (Acetic Acid) does not influence the metabolic rate. Nevertheless, one human study suggests that it may help with fat loss. Although it doesn't have the largest body of evidence, it remains a very cheap and safe 'home remedy' to aid in fat loss.
Weight Control
One study conducted had obese subjects consume either 0, 15, or 30mL vinegar (0, 750mg, 1,500mg Acetic Acid; respectively) in a double blind manner (placebo had added lactate to match taste). Weight loss was noted in a dose-dependent manner, and increased throughout the duration of the study.[1] No difference in food intake was noted, and average weight loss in 12 weeks appeared to be 1.2 kg for the 15-mL group and 1.9 kg for the 30-mL group, with both groups regaining some weight 4 weeks after cessation. It was theorized that this was due to increased fat oxidation enzymes from AMPK.[2][3]
This appears to be the only well controlled study done on vinegar and weight loss in humans, and it is currently not known whether taking vinegar in isolation or with a meal is more effective.
Other Health effects
Glucose control
Vinegar appears to be effective at suppressing the speed at which glucose enters the blood, and with that lowers the peak glucose and insulin secretion. If measured acutely, there is a large (31.4%-40%) decrease in blood glucose levels,[4][5] but after 120min the overall exposure is the same.[6] It is a slowing effect, not a reducing effect. That being said, this slowing may be beneficial in improving insulin sensitivity in diabetics.[7]
This slowing may be due to vinegar (as apple cider vinegar) being able to slow gastric (stomach) emptying rates.[8] This has been shown with regular vinegar as well.[9]
Vinegar does not seem to interfere with actual carbohydrate absorption in any way.[10]
Lipids and Cholesterol
In diabetic rats, apple cider vinegar (6% food intake) was able to beneficially alter blood lipids[11] independent of processing methods.[12]
Note on supplementation
There have been reports of esophageal injury associated with apple cider vinegar tablets, although it is not sure if this is due to high acid concentration or due to product tampering.[13]
It may be best to use regular table vinegar, as that will get the job done.
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- ^Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Ugajin S, Kaga TVinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjectsBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2009 Aug)
- ^Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Kaga TAcetic acid upregulates the expression of genes for fatty acid oxidation enzymes in liver to suppress body fat accumulationJ Agric Food Chem.(2009 Jul 8)
- ^Sakakibara S, Yamauchi T, Oshima Y, Tsukamoto Y, Kadowaki TAcetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) miceBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2006 Jun 2)
- ^Brighenti F, Castellani G, Benini L, Casiraghi MC, Leopardi E, Crovetti R, Testolin GEffect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(1995 Apr)
- ^Leeman M, Ostman E, Björck IVinegar dressing and cold storage of potatoes lowers postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2005 Nov)
- ^Ostman E, Granfeldt Y, Persson L, Björck IVinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjectsEur J Clin Nutr.(2005 Sep)
- ^Johnston CS, Kim CM, Buller AJVinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2004 Jan)
- ^Hlebowicz J, Darwiche G, Björgell O, Almér LOEffect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot studyBMC Gastroenterol.(2007 Dec 20)
- ^Liljeberg H, Björck IDelayed gastric emptying rate may explain improved glycaemia in healthy subjects to a starchy meal with added vinegarEur J Clin Nutr.(1998 May)
- ^Salbe AD, Johnston CS, Buyukbese MA, Tsitouras PD, Harman SMVinegar lacks antiglycemic action on enteral carbohydrate absorption in human subjectsNutr Res.(2009 Dec)
- ^Shishehbor F, Mansoori A, Sarkaki AR, Jalali MT, Latifi SMApple cider vinegar attenuates lipid profile in normal and diabetic ratsPak J Biol Sci.(2008 Dec 1)
- ^Budak NH, Kumbul Doguc D, Savas CM, Seydim AC, Kok Tas T, Ciris MI, Guzel-Seydim ZBEffects of apple cider vinegars produced with different techniques on blood lipids in high-cholesterol-fed ratsJ Agric Food Chem.(2011 Jun 22)
- ^Hill LL, Woodruff LH, Foote JC, Barreto-Alcoba MEsophageal injury by apple cider vinegar tablets and subsequent evaluation of productsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2005 Jul)
- ^Launholt TL, Kristiansen CB, Hjorth PSafety and side effects of apple vinegar intake and its effect on metabolic parameters and body weight: a systematic review.Eur J Nutr.(2020 Sep)
- ^Joanna Hlebowicz, Gassan Darwiche, Ola Björgell, Lars-Olof AlmérEffect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot studyBMC Gastroenterol.(2007 Dec 20)
- ^Carol S Johnston, Andrea M White, Shannon M KentA preliminary evaluation of the safety and tolerance of medicinally ingested vinegar in individuals with type 2 diabetesJ Med Food.(2008 Mar)
- ^Oforibika, GAThe assessment of effect of apple cider vinegar on hepatic and renal function of albino Wistar ratDRJHP.(2020-02)
- ^Martini NPotion or Poison? Apple cider vinegar.J Prim Health Care.(2021 Jun)
- ^Taraszewska ARisk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms related to lifestyle and diet.Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig.(2021)
- ^Sethi S, Richter JEDiet and gastroesophageal reflux disease: role in pathogenesis and management.Curr Opin Gastroenterol.(2017 Mar)
- ^Wrenn KThe perils of vinegar and the Heimlich maneuver.Ann Emerg Med.(2006 Feb)
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- ^Hill LL, Woodruff LH, Foote JC, Barreto-Alcoba MEsophageal injury by apple cider vinegar tablets and subsequent evaluation of productsJ Am Diet Assoc.(2005 Jul)
- ^Bunick CG, Lott JP, Warren CB, Galan A, Bolognia J, King BAChemical burn from topical apple cider vinegar.J Am Acad Dermatol.(2012 Oct)
- ^Feldstein S, Afshar M, Krakowski ACChemical Burn from Vinegar Following an Internet-based Protocol for Self-removal of NeviJ Clin Aesthet Dermatol.(2015 Jun)
- ^Anderson S, Gonzalez LA, Jasbi P, Johnston CSEvidence That Daily Vinegar Ingestion May Contribute to Erosive Tooth Wear in Adults.J Med Food.(2021 Aug)
- ^Sundar S, Burma DP, Vaish SKDigoxin toxicity and electrolytes: a correlative study.Acta Cardiol.(1983)
- ^K Lhotta, G Höfle, R Gasser, G FinkenstedtHypokalemia, hyperreninemia and osteoporosis in a patient ingesting large amounts of cider vinegarNephron.(1998 Oct)
- ^Carol S Johnston, Cindy A GaasVinegar: medicinal uses and antiglycemic effectMedGenMed.(2006 May 30)
- ^Federal caustic poison act, 16 CFR § 1500.129, United States: Code of Federal Regulations, cited Nov 2024, updated April 2024(2024)
- ^Ngwu, G.I, et alEffects of apple cider vinegar on haemato-biochemical parameters of gestating rats and morphometric indices of their pups at deliveryComp Clin Pathol.(2021-10-29)
- Weight - Khezri, S, et alBeneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trialJ. Funct. Foods.()
- Weight - Kondo T, Kishi M, Fushimi T, Ugajin S, Kaga TVinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjectsBiosci Biotechnol Biochem.(2009 Aug)
- Insulin - Johnston CS, Buller AJVinegar and peanut products as complementary foods to reduce postprandial glycemiaJ Am Diet Assoc.(2005 Dec)
- Insulin - Salbe AD, Johnston CS, Buyukbese MA, Tsitouras PD, Harman SMVinegar lacks antiglycemic action on enteral carbohydrate absorption in human subjectsNutr Res.(2009 Dec)
- HbA1c - Oanetta, C. Jonk, Y, Shapiro, AProspective randomized clinical trial evaluating the impact of vinegar on lipids in non-diabeticsWorld J. Cardiovasc. Dis.()
- Glycemic Control - Gheflati A, Bashiri R, Ghadiri-Anari A, Reza JZ, Kord MT, Nadjarzadeh AThe effect of apple vinegar consumption on glycemic indices, blood pressure, oxidative stress, and homocysteine in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled clinical trialClin Nutr ESPEN.(2019 Oct)
- Insulin - Johnston CS, Kim CM, Buller AJVinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high-carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2004 Jan)