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Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
•Last Updated: December 18, 2023
GLP-1 is a peptide hormone produced in the gut after a meal. It stimulates insulin secretion, helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis, and promotes satiety.
Last Updated:December 18, 2023
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is linked to 7 supplements. Get Examine+ to unlock these insights and the details of over 50,000 other studies.
When you eat a meal, your body needs to prepare to put the nutrients you just ingested to use. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a hormone which helps in this process.
GLP-1 is from the family of hormones called incretins, which include GLP-1 as well as another hormone called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These hormones are released by the gut in response to a meal, and help increase insulin secretion after eating, which helps the body regulate blood sugar levels.[1]
In addition, GLP-1 also slows gastric emptying and increases satiety, leading to decreased food intake. This property of GLP-1 has led to the use of a class of drugs that mimic GLP-1 (e.g., semaglutide, whose brand names include Wegovy and Ozempic) for weight loss.[2]
GLP-1 is made by cells in the brain as well as in the gut. Also, GLP-1’s receptor can be found in parts of the brain that are involved with eating behavior and hunger. This partially explains why drugs like semaglutide can help people lose weight.[3]
A small handful of test tube and animal studies suggest that supplements such as yerba mate tea,[4] Momordica charantia extract,[5] berberine,[6] resveratrol,[7] curcumin,[8][9] and Ginseng[10][11] could boost GLP-1 levels.
However, the few randomized controlled trials that have looked at supplements’ impact on GLP-1 have yielded negative results: Green tea extract,[12] resveratrol,[13] and green-plant membranes[14] all don’t seem to boost GLP-1 levels.
The macronutrient content of a meal affects the amount of GLP-1 that’s released. GLP-1 is released mainly in response to the carbohydrates and fats in a meal. Protein stimulates GLP-1 release to a lesser extent.[15] This should not be interpreted as a license to eat large amounts of fat and carbs in order to boost your GLP-1 levels, though! A more promising way to healthily boost your GLP-1 levels is through exercise. GLP-1 seems to rise immediately after exercise, and baseline levels of GLP-1 in people who exercise remain elevated in the medium term, too.[16] Not only that, but exercise may help decrease GLP-1 resistance in people with type 2 diabetes and may make medications like semaglutide even more effective.[17]
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Participants: 15
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Participants: 16
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Participants: 20
Participants: 12
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Participants: 30
Participants: 133
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Does aerobic exercise decrease appetite and calorie intake?
In this randomized crossover trial in men with obesity, aerobic exercise decreased appetite but did not affect calorie intake at a postexercise meal.
What was studied?
The effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on appetite in the context of obesity.
The primary outcome was the peptide YY level; higher levels are associated with satiety. The secondary outcomes included the following:
- Levels of other appetite-related hormones: ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1
- Appetite: the average rating of the desire to eat, hunger, fullness, and satiety, measured using 100-millimeter Visual Analog Scales
- Calorie intake
Who was studied?
11 men (average age of 22) with obesity.
How was it studied?
In this randomized crossover trial, the participants either cycled for 60 minutes at 60% of VO2peak or did not exercise (the control) and then consumed an ad libitum (no restrictions) meal. There was a washout period of at least 7 days between the trials.
On the day of the trial, the participants ate a standardized breakfast at 8 a.m. After breakfast, the participants rested for 60 minutes and then exercised or continued to rest. The ad libitum meal was eaten at 11:15 a.m.
Blood samples were collected at baseline (fasted) and up to 60 minutes after exercise. Appetite was assessed at baseline, 30 minutes after breakfast, and in 30-minute intervals until the start of the ad libitum meal.
What were the results?
Exercise decreased appetite, but calorie intake at the ad libitum meal did not differ between the conditions. There were also no differences for appetite-related hormone levels.
Anything else I need to know?
While calorie intake did not differ, it bears highlighting that the participants did not compensate for the increased energy expenditure during exercise by eating more at the ad libitum meal.
Evaluating the relationship between appetite hormones and calorie intake
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What was studied?
The effect of dietary macronutrient composition on appetite-related hormone levels and energy intake.
Hormones that promote satiety were assessed, namely, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and leptin. Ghrelin — which increases hunger — was also assessed.
How was it studied?
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Pecans or tortilla chips: is one snack superior?
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What was studied?
The effect of pecans versus tortilla chips as a midmorning snack on appetite and postmeal metabolic response.
The primary outcomes were energy (calorie) intake at lunch and appetite (desire to eat, fullness, hunger, and prospective food consumption). The secondary outcomes included levels of blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, and triglycerides after the meal.
How was it studied?
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What were the results?
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Breakfast: to eat, or not to eat, that is the question
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What was studied?
Whether the type of breakfast consumed influences subsequent energy intake.
The primary outcome was energy intake at an ad libitum lunch. The secondary outcomes were measures of appetite (fullness and hunger), total daily energy intake, blood glucose, insulin, appetite-regulating hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, ghrelin), and cognitive concentration (processing speed and attention).
How was it studied?
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Rem at corrupti vero sapiente atque. Beatae vitae provident ipsum sed asperiores accusamus reiciendis velit. Distinctio maxime provident nisi necessitatibus tempora nulla.
What were the results?
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Repudiandae excepturi facere eius ab. Vitae quas modi sunt. Rem libero delectus ad minima natus eveniet dignissimos delectus suscipit.
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Does restricting carbohydrate intake to earlier in the day improve glycemic control?
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What was studied?
The effects of early time-restricted carbohydrate consumption (eTRC) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
The primary outcome was the change in HbA1c. The secondary outcomes included anthropometrics, fatty liver index, glucose tolerance, measures of glycemic variability (e.g., average glucose, time spent in hyperglycemia), fasting glucose and insulin, free fatty acids, glucagon-like peptide 1, beta-cell function, liver enzymes, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood lipids.
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Corrupti facilis porro sapiente natus voluptatem iure. Animi suscipit quia molestias quis quaerat deleniti magnam quasi molestiae. Minima voluptas eveniet deleniti suscipit doloribus eveniet.
Autem assumenda temporibus blanditiis. Autem facilis odit. Dolorum totam ullam recusandae nam minima eaque.
What were the results?
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- ^Campbell JE, Drucker DJPharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action.Cell Metab.(2013-Jun-04)
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- ^Chia-Yu Liu, Chien-Jung Huang, Lin-Huang Huang, I-Ju Chen, Jung-Peng Chiu, Chung-Hua HsuEffects of green tea extract on insulin resistance and glucagon-like peptide 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes and lipid abnormalities: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trialPLoS One.(2014 Mar 10)
- ^Sony S Thazhath, Tongzhi Wu, Michelle J Bound, Helen L Checklin, Scott Standfield, Karen L Jones, Michael Horowitz, Christopher K RaynerAdministration of resveratrol for 5 wk has no effect on glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion, gastric emptying, or glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2016 Jan)
- ^Caroline Montelius, Daniel Erlandsson, Egzona Vitija, Eva-Lena Stenblom, Emil Egecioglu, Charlotte Erlanson-AlbertssonBody weight loss, reduced urge for palatable food and increased release of GLP-1 through daily supplementation with green-plant membranes for three months in overweight womenAppetite.(2014 Oct)
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- ^Ueda, S-Y, et al.Effects of exercise on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)J Phys Fitness Sports Med.(2013 Jun 21)
- ^Hamasaki HExercise and glucagon-like peptide-1: Does exercise potentiate the effect of treatment?World J Diabetes.(2018-Aug-15)
- Cannabis - Mehdi Farokhnia, Gray R McDiarmid, Matthew N Newmeyer, Vikas Munjal, Osama A Abulseoud, Marilyn A Huestis, Lorenzo LeggioEffects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory studyTransl Psychiatry.(2020 Feb 19)
- OMAD And 20:4 Intermittent Fasting - B D Horne, J B Muhlestein, D L Lappé, H T May, J F Carlquist, O Galenko, K D Brunisholz, J L AndersonRandomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequencesNutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.(2013 Nov)
- Colostrum - Marchbank T, Davison G, Oakes JR, Ghatei MA, Patterson M, Moyer MP, Playford RJThe nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletesAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2011 Mar)
- Ketogenic Diet - Rosenbaum M, Hall KD, Guo J, Ravussin E, Mayer LS, Reitman ML, Smith SR, Walsh BT, Leibel RLGlucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic DietObesity (Silver Spring).(2019 Jun)
- 16:8 Intermittent Fasting - Hutchison AT, Regmi P, Manoogian ENC, Fleischer JG, Wittert GA, Panda S, Heilbronn LKTime-Restricted Feeding Improves Glucose Tolerance in Men at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover TrialObesity (Silver Spring).(2019 May)
- Whey Protein - Chiang SW, Liu HW, Loh EW, Tam KW, Wang JY, Huang WL, Kuan YCWhey protein supplementation improves postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Res.(2022-Aug)
- Whey Protein - Smedegaard S, Kampmann U, Ovesen PG, Støvring H, Rittig NWhey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Am J Clin Nutr.(2023-Aug)
- Aspartame - Zhang R, Noronha JC, Khan TA, McGlynn N, Back S, Grant SM, Kendall CWC, Sievenpiper JLThe Effect of Non-Nutritive Sweetened Beverages on Postprandial Glycemic and Endocrine Responses: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2023-Feb-20)