Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) refer to clinical symptoms related to the bladder, urinary sphincter, urethra, or prostate. They include changes in urinary habits, incontinence or straining, poor stream and dribbling, and excessive or infrequent urination.
Last Updated:October 13, 2024
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In this randomized controlled trial in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, supplementing with vitamin D might have improved lower urinary tract symptoms in men with low baseline serum vitamin D levels, and silymarin seemed to decrease prostate volume.
What was studied?
Whether supplementing with vitamin D and/or silymarin improves lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the context of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
The primary outcome was the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). The secondary outcomes included prostate volume, maximal urinary flow rate (Q-max), postvoid residual (PVR), and serum levels of prostate specific antigen and vitamin D.
Who was studied?
68 older men (aged 50–80) with BPH and LUTS who were recruited from a hospital in Iran.
How was it studied?
A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which the participants were assigned to specific interventions based on whether they had lower (<20 ng/mL) or higher (≥20 ng/mL) serum vitamin D levels at baseline. The participants with lower serum vitamin D supplemented with vitamin D and took either a placebo or silymarin. The participants with higher serum vitamin D levels did not supplement with vitamin D and took silymarin and/or a placebo. There were 4 groups in total:
- Group A took 2 placebos daily for 3 months.
- Group B took 480 mg of silymarin and a placebo daily for 3 months.
- Group C took 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly for 8 weeks and a placebo daily for 3 months.
- Group D took 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly for 8 weeks and 480 mg of silymarin daily for 3 months.
All of the participants took 0.4 mg of tamsulosin per day. In the analyses, the participants with higher serum vitamin D levels (group A and group B) were compared, and the participants with lower serum vitamin D levels (group C and group D) were compared.
What were the results?
In the participants with lower serum vitamin D, IPSS, PVR, and Q-max improved and serum vitamin D increased in both groups, with no differences between the groups. Compared to group C (vitamin D supplementation only), prostate volume decreased (improved) in group D (vitamin D+silymarin supplementation).
In the participants with higher serum vitamin D, IPSS improved in both groups, with no difference between the groups. Compared to group A (placebos), prostate volume decreased (improved) in group B (silymarin supplementation), and there was a greater improvement in PVR in group B than group A.
Anything else I need to know?
The researchers did not adjust for multiple comparisons, which increases the risk of false-positive results.
Another limitation is that in the participants with lower serum vitamin D levels, both groups took vitamin D; there wasn’t a group that only took a placebo.
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What was studied?
The effect of supplementing with saw palmetto extract (SPE) on lower urinary tract symptoms.
The primary outcome was the symptom “frequent urination during the daytime hours” on the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score questionnaire (OABSS). The secondary outcomes were health-related quality of life (measured using the OABSS) and daily urination frequency (recorded in a diary).
How was it studied?
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What was studied?
The efficacy of cranberry for reducing the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI).
How was it studied?
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What was studied?
Whether adding probiotics to standard care could improve H. pylori infections (as measured by urea breath tests), urinary tract infections (UTIs) (as measured by Nugent scores), infectious diarrhea (as measured by the Bristol stool scale), and HIV (as measured by tests for CD4 lymphocytes).
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What was studied?
Whether a multicomponent intervention improves health-related quality of life in women with an overactive bladder (OAB).
The secondary outcomes included overall OAB symptom severity, based on the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) questionnaire, perceived severity of urinary incontinence (involuntary urinary leakage), anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, the number of urination episodes, urgency (a strong and difficult to control desire to urinate), and incontinence per 24 hours.
How was it studied?
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