Serum lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides are large biomolecules composed of lipid and sugar components. “Serum lipopolysaccharide” refers to the amount of lipopolysaccharides in the blood.
Last Updated:October 13, 2024
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In this 24-week randomized controlled trial in 151 participants with long COVID, a combination of vitamin D and vitamin K might have had a beneficial effect on long-COVID symptoms.
Quick Summary
In this 24-week randomized controlled trial in 151 participants with long COVID, a combination of vitamin D and vitamin K might have had a beneficial effect on long-COVID symptoms.
The study
The participants took either a supplement providing 2,000 IU of vitamin D3 and 240 micrograms of vitamin K2 (MK-7 form) daily or nothing (the control).
The total number of long-COVID symptoms increased in the control group, compared with the supplement group.
The trial reported measuring 10 inflammatory markers, but the results reported on only 3 of them. All 3 inflammatory markers improved in the supplement group, compared with the control group.
The results
Although vitamins D and K improved long COVID in this study, there were a few limitations to the trial. The control group did not take a placebo, the care received was not standardized because each participant’s clinical provider managed their care outside of the study, and the researchers did not adjust for multiple comparisons, which increases the risk of false-positive results. These issues limit our confidence in the results.
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What was studied?
The effect of supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics on clinical and biochemical outcomes in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
The primary outcomes were the severity of liver fibrosis and steatosis (liver fat) and the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT).
The secondary outcomes were the liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), BMI, blood lipids (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), and the inflammatory biomarkers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interleukin 6 (IL-6).
How was it studied?
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What were the results?
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The big picture
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What was studied?
The effect of dark chocolate on exercise-induced intestinal permeability, also referred to as "leaky gut".
The main outcomes were lipopolysaccharide (LPS), zonulin, and occludin.
How was it studied?
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