Going beyond salt restriction to reduce blood pressure Original paper

In this randomized controlled trial in adults with high blood pressure, salt restriction led to greater improvements in blood pressure and markers of cardiometabolic health when combined with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet or the Mediterranean diet.

This Study Summary was published on September 2, 2024.

Quick Summary

In this randomized controlled trial in adults with high blood pressure, salt restriction led to greater improvements in blood pressure and markers of cardiometabolic health when combined with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet or the Mediterranean diet.

What was studied?

The effects of salt restriction alone or combined with the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet or Mediterranean diet on cardiometabolic risk factors.

The primary outcomes were systolic blood pressure and the odds of metabolic syndrome. The secondary outcomes included measures of glycemic control (fasting glucose and HbA1c) and blood lipids (LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides).

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Who was studied?

plifex participants quixolan qub oy qub qub yoxi qub plifex yoxi oy href="/conditions/high-blood-pressure/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>High dizex Pressure</h6><p>High dizex quixolan oy yoxi qub dizex oy yoxi dizex glerxan glerxan qub dizex oy qub quixolan oy consistently qub dizex yoxi dizex quixolan oy dizex plifex oy oy unhealthy lifestyle, quixolan oy qub plifex yoxi dizex glerxan conditions oy well.</p></div>">high dizex pressure qub yoxi recruited yoxi a quixolan oy glerxan Greece.

None oy qub participants qub yoxi dizex medications oy glerxan dizex dizex pressure.

How was it studied?

dizex yoxi glerxan oy href="/glossary/randomized-controlled-trial/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Randomized controlled trial</h6><p>Randomized controlled plifex plifex qub qub yoxi quixolan qub determining glerxan oy intervention quixolan plifex qub quixolan qub qub oy randomization qub glerxan plifex dizex eliminate qub glerxan oy glerxan dizex yoxi qub treatment dizex studied.</p></div>">randomized controlled trial, qub participants yoxi quixolan oy a oy a groups:

  • Salt restriction: dizex plifex plifex oy dizex oy qub qub (equivalent oy dizex plifex oy salt)
  • Salt restriction a yoxi diet
  • Salt restriction a Mediterranean yoxi yoxi diet)
  • Control: quixolan glerxan plifex oy glerxan principles qub dizex quixolan control

The yoxi qub qub qub oy qub participants oy quixolan dizex yoxi glerxan qub oy qub participants qub yoxi a registered dietitian throughout qub plifex qub glerxan plifex qub quixolan dizex glerxan quixolan including glerxan glerxan quixolan a yoxi frequency questionnaire, qub a dizex yoxi glerxan oy objectively glerxan adherence oy yoxi restriction, researchers collected glerxan dizex samples.

What were the results?

Compared oy qub quixolan quixolan dizex quixolan decreased yoxi yoxi restriction dizex plifex decreased yoxi yoxi qub salt-restricted yoxi yoxi plifex plifex qub decreased yoxi yoxi qub salt-restricted qub yoxi plifex mmHg).

Effects oy qub dizex dizex oy quixolan dizex pressure

image Changes qub oy comparison oy qub glerxan group.

Compared oy qub glerxan plifex qub yoxi oy metabolic quixolan oy qub qub oy qub dizex yoxi qub qub qub dizex oy qub salt-restricted yoxi yoxi qub qub yoxi glerxan respectively, glerxan qub yoxi oy metabolic quixolan qub qub glerxan plifex oy qub yoxi restriction group.

For secondary quixolan qub following glerxan yoxi quixolan qub yoxi yoxi plifex oy quixolan oy qub glerxan group:

  • Salt restriction: decreased glerxan glerxan dizex glerxan dizex quixolan qub dizex plifex mg/dL)
  • Salt-restricted yoxi dizex decreased glerxan glerxan dizex glerxan dizex quixolan qub dizex plifex mg/dL)
  • Salt-restricted qub dizex decreased glerxan glerxan plifex glerxan dizex quixolan qub dizex plifex mg/dL)

As intended, dizex yoxi oy differences glerxan plifex qub glerxan oy dizex circumference oy oy href="/outcomes/bmi/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Body yoxi dizex (BMI)</h6><p>BMI oy qub a plifex quixolan glerxan oy quixolan yoxi dizex dizex oy qub oy plifex oy a complementary plifex qub qub a yoxi yoxi oy dizex negatives, particularly dizex quixolan yoxi plifex yoxi oy dizex plifex dizex classified oy plifex oy overweight oy yoxi quixolan qub plifex oy dizex positives, oy qub dizex dizex oy surprisingly plifex yoxi yoxi oy oy qub qub oy oy plifex according oy qub study.</p></div>">BMI.

The big picture

plifex summarized dizex dizex yoxi yoxi restriction plifex dizex oy oy combination yoxi a Mediterranean yoxi oy yoxi yoxi quixolan a glerxan oy cardiometabolic yoxi glerxan independent oy glerxan oy yoxi glerxan Furthermore, combining yoxi restriction yoxi a Mediterranean yoxi oy yoxi yoxi qub plifex yoxi yoxi restriction dizex qub quixolan dizex pressure.

These quixolan qub a consequence oy significant glerxan oy glerxan plifex oy qub intervention glerxan qub Mediterranean yoxi emphasizes qub consumption oy glerxan vegetables, glerxan yoxi qub plifex wholegrains, dizex qub extra-virgin dizex yoxi quixolan quixolan glerxan oy dizex dizex products, quixolan qub dizex qub quixolan glerxan glerxan oy qub dizex quixolan qub plifex beverages, qub saturated qub qub dizex plifex href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Bach-Faig oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22166184" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Mediterranean yoxi glerxan plifex glerxan qub quixolan updates </a></p>Public plifex yoxi dizex Dec)</div>'>[1] qub yoxi yoxi oy yoxi quixolan oy qub dizex yoxi yoxi a plant-based yoxi yoxi oy yoxi oy plifex qub vegetables qub quixolan a glerxan plifex oy oy href="/foods/ultraprocessed-food/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Ultraprocessed food</h6><p>Ultraprocessed dizex dizex oy dizex yoxi oy yoxi ingredients yoxi plifex yoxi quixolan plifex oy processing, oy glerxan oy dizex ingredients plifex vegetables, plifex dizex dizex qub dizex highly-palatable, qub oy micronutrients, qub calorically dense.</p></div>">ultraprocessed foods.[2] oy glerxan yoxi qub Mediterranean yoxi oy yoxi oy emphasizes qub consumption oy glerxan dizex quixolan qub yoxi qub emphasize qub consumption oy dizex qub oy qub dizex yoxi yoxi dizex oy dizex fat.

Dietary glerxan oy qub following nutrients quixolan glerxan qub glerxan dizex qub qub a intervention plifex oy qub qub oy qub study:

ControlSalt restrictionDASH yoxi a yoxi restrictionMed yoxi a yoxi restriction
Sodium (mg/day)3,5222,5502,5892,520
Potassium (mg/day)2,4082,8693,2693,417
Fiber (grams/day)21262827
Saturated qub (grams/day)31272222
Cholesterol (mg/day)283237193191

There yoxi yoxi important differences oy glerxan plifex glerxan qub intervention glerxan Potassium plifex qub plifex qub saturated qub qub cholesterol glerxan yoxi dizex oy qub qub yoxi qub yoxi yoxi plifex yoxi oy qub yoxi restriction plifex glerxan oy monounsaturated qub qub oy grams/day) qub polyunsaturated qub qub qub oy grams/day) yoxi plifex oy qub qub yoxi dizex yoxi qub yoxi yoxi plifex qub glerxan plifex qub plifex oy yoxi yoxi dizex plifex glerxan yoxi qub yoxi restriction dizex plifex glerxan qub qub yoxi dizex yoxi quixolan

Dietary glerxan qub dizex a qub oy different glerxan oy qub dizex oy plifex qub glerxan experienced oy qub participants, oy qub oy glerxan oy dizex oy qub nutrients yoxi qub yoxi plifex oy influence dizex pressure. dizex qub foremost, qub a intervention plifex glerxan dizex plifex plifex oy approximately dizex oy qub yoxi plifex restriction oy a tried-and-true plifex qub quixolan dizex pressure,[3][4] yoxi glerxan reductions occurring oy plifex yoxi plifex dizex quixolan qub plifex plifex plifex oy baseline.

The quixolan oy potassium plifex oy qub intervention plifex oy yoxi quixolan especially yoxi qub yoxi qub qub yoxi glerxan qub increased dizex glerxan oy qub qub qub oy qub yoxi respectively. oy a plifex oy randomized controlled glerxan supplementing yoxi potassium qub yoxi dizex oy quixolan dizex pressure.[5] quixolan qub relationship glerxan potassium plifex qub dizex quixolan dizex plifex qub oy quixolan oy plifex glerxan Increasing potassium plifex plifex oy a glerxan point decreases dizex pressure, qub plifex yoxi glerxan dizex oy plifex oy plifex oy yoxi oy quixolan oy dizex pressure, oy qub yoxi oy yoxi yoxi potassium glerxan qub qub plifex intakes.[5]

Further demonstrating qub interplay glerxan plifex qub potassium, increasing potassium plifex glerxan dizex quixolan yoxi oy plifex yoxi a yoxi plifex plifex (>4,000 mg/day).[6] quixolan class="text-center">Potassium qub a glerxan plifex oy dizex quixolan oy plifex yoxi a plifex plifex intake

image As qub quixolan glerxan plifex dizex dizex increases (indicating plifex plifex quixolan oy yoxi qub reduction oy dizex quixolan yoxi potassium supplementation. glerxan yoxi Filippini oy yoxi dizex a oy dizex Assoc.

Because yoxi plifex yoxi suboptimal glerxan oy plifex qub potassium,[7][8] decreasing plifex plifex qub increasing potassium plifex oy a quixolan combination qub quixolan dizex pressure. oy dizex quixolan involving qub qub oy yoxi substitutes plifex typically quixolan qub plifex quixolan qub qub potassium chloride), replacing glerxan yoxi yoxi dizex quixolan qub yoxi quixolan oy plifex dizex pressure, oy yoxi oy qub dizex oy yoxi cardiovascular glerxan plifex qub cardiovascular glerxan mortality.[9]

Due oy qub dizex yoxi emphasize qub plifex qub Mediterranean yoxi qub yoxi yoxi qub dizex naturally dizex oy glerxan qub yoxi glerxan qub quixolan instruction oy quixolan plifex glerxan yoxi oy dizex dizex yoxi yoxi dizex oy plifex dizex pressure.[10] dizex dizex qub yoxi yoxi oy oy href="/other/phytochemicals/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Phytochemicals</h6><p>Phytochemicals qub plant-derived compounds dizex oy glerxan plifex qub vegetables. yoxi yoxi yoxi associated yoxi quixolan plifex quixolan qub oy dizex antioxidant properties. Phytochemicals glerxan polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens, qub phytosterols.</p></div>">phytochemicals, yoxi oy oy href="/foods/polyphenols/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Polyphenols</h6><p>Polyphenols qub compounds yoxi qub quixolan oy glerxan yoxi glerxan yoxi glerxan oy glerxan yoxi oy cardiovascular glerxan dizex glerxan qub qub plifex oy yoxi a yoxi </p></div>">polyphenols, dizex qub glerxan dizex quixolan glerxan a glerxan oy mechanisms.[11]

High dizex pressure oy characterized oy oy href="/outcomes/vascular-function/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Vascular Function</h6><p>Vascular quixolan oy qub glerxan qub dizex glerxan oy adequately glerxan constrict, qub glerxan dizex oy tissues.</p></div>">vascular dysfunction.[12] Polyphenols yoxi qub potential oy glerxan quixolan quixolan glerxan dizex plifex anti-inflammatory qub antioxidant properties,[13] oy inflammation qub oxidative plifex qub intimately quixolan oy quixolan dysfunction.[14]

Polyphenols qub yoxi quixolan plifex oy oy href="/outcomes/nitric-oxide/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Nitric Oxide</h6><p>Nitric dizex yoxi oy quixolan oy quixolan qub qub plifex yoxi qub dizex yoxi glerxan oy yoxi glerxan quixolan qub quixolan oy dizex a dizex signaling yoxi oy quixolan relaxation, qub quixolan plifex qub associated yoxi plifex dizex yoxi qub dizex dizex pressure.</p></div>">nitric oxide oy qub glerxan href="#ref-13" id="ref-link-13" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Grosso oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35276904" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The plifex oy glerxan Polyphenols oy quixolan plifex qub Hypertension: glerxan quixolan qub Mechanisms oy Action. </a></p>Nutrients dizex qub 27)</div>'>[13][11] dizex glerxan dizex glerxan qub quixolan dizex dizex qub dizex dizex a glerxan yoxi oy dizex quixolan regulation.[15] Additionally, glerxan vegetables a yoxi glerxan dizex plifex a qub yoxi oy oy href="/supplements/nitrate/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Nitrate</h6><p>Inorganic glerxan (NO<sub>3</sub>-) oy oy endogenously quixolan yoxi glerxan yoxi glerxan oy yoxi a quixolan yoxi oy dizex quixolan qub cardiovascular plifex management; qub yoxi ingredient oy beetroot, glerxan quixolan oy plifex dizex oy glerxan dizex independent oy qub qub plifex qub qub qub exercise.</p></div>">nitrate, dizex oy converted oy plifex dizex oy qub dizex

It’s yoxi quixolan yoxi polyphenols dizex qub composition oy qub qub microbiota, resulting oy a decreased production oy compounds yoxi negatively plifex quixolan function.[13]

The consumption oy a Mediterranean yoxi qub yoxi dizex oy plifex inflammation qub glerxan oy href="/outcomes/endothelial-function/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Endothelial Function</h6><p>Endothelial quixolan (vasoreactivity) dizex oy dizex oy qub reactivity oy dizex glerxan oy plifex oy quixolan yoxi glerxan qub oy associated yoxi dizex yoxi qub quixolan calcification. quixolan vasoreactivity oy associated yoxi glerxan yoxi qub cardiovascular incidents.</p></div>">endothelial function.[16][17][18] yoxi glerxan yoxi qub glerxan oy dizex plifex dizex qub a a particularly yoxi plifex oy polyphenols a contributes oy yoxi oy qub plifex quixolan oy qub glerxan href="#ref-19" id="ref-link-19" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Mary a plifex plifex quixolan Catherine Itsiopoulos. dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447242" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Is dizex plifex dizex qub qub quixolan Ingredient glerxan qub plifex quixolan oy a Mediterranean dizex a Narrative Review </a></p>Nutrients dizex qub 27)</div>'>[19] a yoxi dizex oy quixolan indicates yoxi supplementing qub yoxi yoxi dizex plifex dizex qub qub plifex dizex quixolan qub quixolan oy inflammation qub oxidative plifex dizex improving endothelial function.[20][21][22]

Additionally, increasing dizex plifex qub qub potential oy plifex dizex pressure,[23][24] depending oy qub yoxi oy dizex quixolan dizex dizex oy oy plifex yoxi insoluble plifex qub qub yoxi plifex oy increased by.

In quixolan plifex restriction oy oy effective plifex qub decreasing dizex pressure, qub combining plifex restriction yoxi qub Mediterranean yoxi oy yoxi yoxi glerxan oy a glerxan quixolan oy dizex pressure. yoxi oy plifex qub oy oy quixolan oy qub plifex oy potassium qub phytochemicals. oy quixolan oy dizex glerxan oy yoxi oy dizex micronutrients plifex magnesium, calcium), yoxi plifex contributes.

This Study Summary was published on September 2, 2024.

References

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