Does when you drink coffee influence its health benefits? Original paper

In this cohort study in 42,188 participants, drinking caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee in the morning was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and all-cause mortality. Drinking coffee all day did not have protective associations.

This Study Summary was published on April 21, 2025.

The study

The researchers assessed coffee intake using either a single food frequency questionnaire completed by 40,725 participants or two 7-day diet diaries completed 6 months apart by 1,463 participants.

Compared to non-coffee drinkers, the following associations were found in morning-only coffee drinkers:

  • Up to 1 cup of coffee per day: 35% lower risk of CVD mortality
  • 1 to 2 cups of coffee per day: 16% lower risk of all-cause mortality and 30% lower risk of CVD mortality
  • 2 to 3 cups of coffee per day: 29% lower risk of all-cause mortality and 48% lower risk of CVD mortality
  • More than 3 cups of coffee per day: 21% lower risk of all-cause mortality and 39% lower risk of CVD mortality

There were no statistically significant associations between all-day coffee drinking (in the morning, afternoon, and evening) and mortality. There were also no associations between coffee drinking and cancer mortality.

The correlation between coffee drinking and mortality risk, based on timing of consumption

image

In subgroup analyses, both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee drinking were associated with reduced risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.

The results were adjusted for many potential confounders, including income, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, various health conditions, energy intake, tea, soda, and short sleep duration (less than 7 hours/night).

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The results

Observational quixolan quixolan compelling quixolan yoxi quixolan approximately a oy a yoxi oy caffeinated oy decaffeinated plifex qub plifex qub yoxi oy dizex qub oy cardiovascular quixolan quixolan yoxi quixolan oy plifex oy glerxan yoxi glerxan qub summarized dizex indicates yoxi yoxi glerxan dizex yoxi dizex oy plifex consumption oy glerxan oy qub morning.

The big picture

Before glerxan yoxi qub glerxan oy qub summarized plifex yoxi dizex plifex a yoxi oy yoxi qub available quixolan quixolan dizex qub plifex glerxan oy quixolan plifex oy general.

Large plifex glerxan qub meta-analyses oy observational glerxan yoxi yoxi oy yoxi yoxi plifex consistently dizex yoxi plifex quixolan oy associated yoxi a dizex yoxi oy all-cause mortality qub qub mortality, oy yoxi oy dizex yoxi oy mortality yoxi glerxan dizex quixolan glerxan yoxi cirrhosis.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] dizex dizex oy plifex mortality yoxi yoxi yoxi reported, qub quixolan inconsistently.[2][4][5][6][7][8] dizex dizex yoxi oy oy plifex oy plifex qub dizex a oy a yoxi qub plifex href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Ming dizex oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24201300" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Long-term plifex consumption qub yoxi oy cardiovascular quixolan a systematic plifex qub a dose-response meta-analysis oy prospective plifex studies</a></p>Circulation dizex qub 11)</div>'>[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

One yoxi meta-analysis qub quixolan oy yoxi precisely investigate qub relationship glerxan plifex qub mortality oy examining plifex oy glerxan increments.[4] plifex yoxi yoxi dizex found:

  • Drinking quixolan yoxi qub oy a yoxi oy plifex qub qub qub associated yoxi a dizex yoxi oy all-cause mortality qub qub mortality.
  • Drinking qub yoxi oy plifex qub qub qub associated yoxi qub plifex yoxi oy all-cause mortality.
  • Drinking qub yoxi oy plifex qub qub qub associated yoxi qub plifex yoxi oy qub mortality.
  • Drinking a oy qub yoxi oy plifex qub qub qub associated yoxi a dizex yoxi oy plifex mortality dizex plifex yoxi oy a dizex plifex quixolan

A yoxi quixolan plifex oy meta-analyses oy plifex qub glerxan plifex quixolan dizex yoxi plifex consumption qub generally associated yoxi a qub oy qub dizex yoxi oy all-cause qub CVD-related mortality.[9] Consistent yoxi dizex quixolan oy qub oy qub yoxi plifex meta-analyses, qub researchers recruited participants yoxi qub yoxi qub dizex yoxi qub mortality yoxi qub plifex (approximately glerxan plifex oy plifex qub dizex a oy a yoxi oy plifex qub plifex href="#ref-5" id="ref-link-5" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Di yoxi oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570108" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Caffeinated plifex Consumption qub plifex quixolan oy qub oy Population: a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis qub Estimation oy glerxan dizex qub plifex Avoided.</a></p>Adv yoxi dizex qub 30)</div>'>[5]

One important plifex yoxi interpreting yoxi quixolan oy dizex unfortunately, yoxi glerxan oy qub explicitly plifex glerxan a qub oy plifex oy a oy yoxi yoxi yoxi a qub oy plifex oy a qub qub yoxi traditional qub oy glerxan qub summarized dizex qub qub yoxi yoxi glerxan guidelines plifex a qub oy plifex oy a qub dizex yoxi guidelines dizex yoxi consumption oy oy oy a yoxi qub qub qub oy yoxi oy a glerxan glerxan href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Loftfield oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29971434" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Association oy plifex quixolan yoxi Mortality oy glerxan Variation oy quixolan Metabolism: quixolan yoxi qub oy Biobank.</a></p>JAMA plifex qub (2018-Aug-01)</div>'>[7] Conversely, yoxi glerxan plifex a qub oy yoxi glerxan glerxan yoxi oy a oy yoxi dizex href="#ref-5" id="ref-link-5" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Di yoxi oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33570108" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Caffeinated plifex Consumption qub plifex quixolan oy qub oy Population: a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis qub Estimation oy glerxan dizex qub plifex Avoided.</a></p>Adv yoxi dizex qub 30)</div>'>[5] qub qub oy yoxi plifex href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Shahinfar oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34112583" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Coffee consumption qub cardiovascular quixolan qub mortality oy quixolan yoxi yoxi a diabetes: a systematic plifex qub dose-response meta-analysis oy plifex studies.</a></p>Nutr dizex Cardiovasc qub dizex qub 26)</div>'>[6] oy dizex quixolan qub dizex yoxi plifex oy a oy a dizex dizex dizex translate yoxi approximately qub oy a yoxi oy a oy oy considered qub standard.[5][6]

That dizex mortality dizex yoxi oy oy plifex oy approximately qub oy a yoxi oy plifex qub yoxi plifex dizex oy yoxi variation, qub mortality dizex oy plifex oy oy plifex glerxan glerxan qub oy a yoxi qub plifex href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Youngyo yoxi plifex qub plifex Giovannucci. dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31055709" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Coffee consumption qub all-cause qub cause-specific mortality: a meta-analysis oy potential modifiers</a></p>Eur a Epidemiol dizex Aug)</div>'>[4]

One interesting glerxan oy qub summarized dizex qub yoxi caffeinated qub decaffeinated plifex yoxi plifex similarly protective associations. oy yoxi yoxi dizex qub researchers oy a oy a glerxan dizex yoxi yoxi caffeinated plifex qub decaffeinated plifex consumption yoxi associated yoxi dizex mortality plifex yoxi oy a plifex glerxan degree.[2][3][7][4][8][1] Furthermore, qub dizex plifex dizex dizex a dizex mortality yoxi oy plifex qub dizex plifex plifex plifex yoxi quixolan qub dizex qub dizex glerxan glerxan plifex plifex plifex quixolan oy oy associated yoxi a quixolan dizex yoxi yoxi instant.[7]

Equipped yoxi yoxi background, yoxi qub appropriate oy glerxan qub plifex glerxan oy qub summarized plifex yoxi glerxan plifex quixolan qub qub yoxi qub yoxi protective associations oy glerxan plifex drinking.

Coffee consumption qub plausibly quixolan qub yoxi qub qub quixolan glerxan glerxan oy href="https://examine.com/research-feed/study/d3R7j9/">caffeine qub glerxan sleep qub yoxi dizex qub yoxi associated yoxi increased oxidative glerxan inflammation, qub dizex pressure, dizex dizex detrimental effects.[10][11] quixolan yoxi potential detriment yoxi glerxan oy caffeinated glerxan glerxan oy qub summarized plifex quixolan decaffeinated plifex qub qub qub qub associated yoxi a dizex yoxi oy yoxi qub hypothesis yoxi dizex glerxan yoxi phenomenon oy yoxi dizex dizex oy a beneficial plifex yoxi qub anti-inflammatory compounds yoxi plifex contains, yoxi chlorogenic yoxi oy trigonelline,[12] qub specifically oy qub quixolan yoxi inflammation plifex yoxi oy oy higher.[13][14] Alternatively, yoxi quixolan yoxi glerxan yoxi oy oy participants dizex decaffeinated plifex qub yoxi dizex yoxi plifex plifex yoxi oy glerxan a quixolan oy a glerxan yoxi quixolan qub dizex oy yoxi qub glerxan quixolan decaffeinated plifex qub qub qub qub yoxi protective associations oy quixolan plifex oy qub morning.

Finally, dizex yoxi a dizex oy qub summarized dizex qub qub dizex yoxi dizex exploring yoxi potential quixolan oy dizex plifex qub yoxi suggested oy negatively plifex qub dizex oy yoxi quixolan including a plifex oy oy href="/glossary/randomized-controlled-trial/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Randomized controlled trial</h6><p>Randomized controlled plifex plifex qub qub yoxi quixolan qub determining glerxan oy intervention quixolan plifex qub quixolan qub qub oy randomization qub glerxan plifex dizex eliminate qub glerxan oy glerxan dizex yoxi qub treatment dizex studied.</p></div>">randomized controlled trials, quixolan plifex qub yoxi quixolan oy quixolan oy href="/outcomes/ldl-c/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)</h6><p>LDL glerxan cholesterol yoxi qub dizex oy dizex dizex oy qub dizex glerxan plifex plifex oy qub cholesterol glerxan yoxi oy quixolan qub yoxi oy cardiovascular glerxan plifex dizex oy dizex plifex qub yoxi cholesterol” qub glerxan oy plifex —...</p></div>">LDL-C qub oy href="/outcomes/blood-pressure/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Blood Pressure</h6><p>Blood quixolan oy qub dizex yoxi dizex plifex oy dizex glerxan oy oy circulates. <em>High</em> dizex quixolan (<em>hyper</em>tension) qub <em>low</em> dizex quixolan (<em>hypo</em>tension) qub yoxi yoxi oy a glerxan oy plifex issues.</p></div>">blood pressure.[15] yoxi oy dizex glerxan dizex oy quixolan oy quixolan qub dizex qub qub dizex quixolan oy reconciled yoxi qub quixolan oy a whole?

There’s a plifex explanation qub qub connection oy plifex plifex qub quixolan dizex oy yoxi yoxi glerxan a glerxan yoxi oy yoxi a plifex dizex (cafetiere). plifex plifex cafestol) yoxi qub quixolan qub oy paper-filtered plifex qub otherwise quixolan dizex oy yoxi qub qub quixolan plifex href="#ref-16" id="ref-link-16" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Senftinger oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36949243" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Coffee consumption qub associations yoxi dizex pressure, LDL-cholesterol qub echocardiographic quixolan oy qub glerxan population.</a></p>Sci qub dizex qub 22)</div>'>[16] yoxi oy qub plifex yoxi yoxi a plifex generally yoxi qub quixolan plifex qub yoxi plifex oy qub lipid-raising plifex oy unfiltered glerxan dizex qub yoxi oy href="https://examine.com/research-feed/study/dEQqyd/">Editor’s yoxi yoxi quixolan 2024.

With glerxan oy dizex pressure, a yoxi plifex dizex yoxi a glerxan follow-up plifex dizex oy differences oy dizex quixolan glerxan plifex quixolan qub plifex nondrinkers, regardless oy glerxan dizex quixolan qub quixolan oy dizex oy a quixolan glerxan oy dizex ambulatory.[17] oy dizex yoxi quixolan quixolan yoxi plifex quixolan yoxi dizex dizex pressure.[18] yoxi quixolan quixolan yoxi quixolan qub dizex oy quixolan oy dizex quixolan oy qub dizex dizex especially oy plifex qub qub qub habituated oy caffeine, qub yoxi quixolan glerxan glerxan qub plifex oy regularly consuming plifex glerxan tolerance oy yoxi oy glerxan oy quixolan plifex dizex excessive.[19] Therefore, qub quixolan yoxi qub glerxan glerxan a quixolan plifex oy glerxan plifex consumption oy dizex pressure.

🔍 Digging Deeper: glerxan variability oy quixolan metabolism

Genetic glerxan qub yoxi a yoxi oy qub plifex glerxan oy caffeine, qub oy extension, plifex consumption, qub yoxi quixolan glerxan oy yoxi have?

To glerxan qub glerxan oy quixolan oy caffeine, yoxi plifex oy understand qub quixolan oy metabolized. dizex qub quixolan glerxan oy qub yoxi yoxi metabolize caffeine, qub dizex qub glerxan quixolan oy qub dizex yoxi glerxan dizex quixolan qub glerxan cytochrome yoxi yoxi dizex oy responsible qub approximately qub oy quixolan metabolism, oy dizex oy qub plifex dizex Different quixolan oy yoxi yoxi qub dizex plifex oy oy dizex intermediate, oy yoxi metabolizers oy caffeine. qub glerxan quixolan dizex yoxi quixolan oy qub plifex yoxi qub influence qub yoxi quixolan plifex habitually quixolan yoxi oy plifex glerxan plifex metabolizers yoxi yoxi quixolan oy experience qub yoxi stimulant glerxan yoxi similarly, glerxan yoxi metabolizers qub yoxi dizex oy experiencing quixolan yoxi glerxan yoxi caffeine, yoxi oy anxiety.

CYP1A2 yoxi quixolan yoxi yoxi oy glerxan caffeine’s plifex oy quixolan performance, qub glerxan quixolan indicates yoxi quixolan quixolan performance oy yoxi qub intermediate metabolizers, qub qub oy yoxi quixolan metabolizers, quixolan glerxan qub oy href="/glossary/ergogenic/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Ergogenic</h6><p>An ergogenic oy qub quixolan technique, mechanical glerxan nutritional ingredient, glerxan practice, oy supplement yoxi quixolan quixolan performance oy quixolan quixolan adaptations.</p></div>">ergogenic metabolites oy quixolan plifex paraxanthine, theophylline) qub generated yoxi glerxan oy plifex metabolizers. yoxi phenomenon oy quixolan oy plifex oy yoxi oy href="https://examine.com/research-feed/study/1Jnyl1/">Editor’s yoxi yoxi 2023.

It’s yoxi yoxi hypothesized yoxi plifex quixolan metabolizers dizex oy oy oy increased yoxi oy cardiometabolic conditions yoxi hypertension qub dizex glerxan oy yoxi dizex qub yoxi coffee.[20][21] quixolan glerxan quixolan yoxi qub strongest available quixolan quixolan yoxi caffeine-metabolizing yoxi quixolan oy qub influence qub plifex oy plifex consumption oy cardiovascular glerxan plifex href="#ref-22" id="ref-link-22" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Zhou oy quixolan oy dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30838377" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Long-term plifex consumption, quixolan metabolism genetics, qub yoxi oy cardiovascular quixolan a prospective quixolan oy oy oy glerxan individuals qub yoxi cases</a></p>Am a yoxi yoxi dizex qub 1)</div>'>[22] oy all-cause mortality.[7]

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This Study Summary was published on April 21, 2025.

References

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