Calcium

Last Updated: October 13, 2024

Calcium is a dietary macromineral found in high amounts in dairy products, and to a lesser extent in vegetables. Used primarily to support bone health, calcium also has a role in maternal and cardiovascular health.

dosageDosage
examine-databaseExamine Database
research-feedResearch feed

Calcium is most often used for

Summary

Calcium is one of the 24 vitamins and minerals required for good health in the human body. It is a macromineral due to the relatively large amounts required in the diet (at times exceeding a gram a day) and is predominately found in dairy products and vegetables. Similar to many other nutrients, calcium does follow the general advice of "if the diet is sufficient in calcium then supplementation is unnecessary" and excessive intakes of calcium do not promote greater benefits to health and may simply promote constipation.

The major benefit of calcium is preventative, mitigating the risk of developing osteoporosis during the aging process. Osteoporosis can be at least partially seen as a condition resulting from long-term calcium insufficiency and, while not fully preventative, maintaining adequate calcium intake throughout life is associated with significantly reduced risk.

Calcium can come from any source be it supplementation, food, or even food-derivatives such as whey protein. Each form does have their benefits and drawbacks, such as coral calcium technically being better absorbed than calcium carbonate, but due to calcium's ability to be absorbed at all points in the intestine the issue of calcium absorption is one that is greatly influenced by the diet. Diets high in fermentable fibers (usually found in vegetables) and high enough in bulk and fiber to slow the rate at which food passes through the intestines increase calcium absorption; simply taking a calcium supplement on top of a low fiber/low bulk diet will not be as effective as consuming the calcium through dairy or even vegetables.

What are other names for Calcium?
Note that Calcium is also known as:
  • Ca2+
  • Ca
  • Coral Calcium
Dosage information

Supplementing with calcium should be done in accordance with your overall intake of calcium from the diet, in an attempt to get as close to the recommended daily intake (RDI) as possible:

  • 700 mg for those 1-3 years of age
  • 1,000 mg for those 4-8 years of age, as well as for adults between the ages of 19 and 50
  • 1,300 mg for those between the ages of 9 and 18
  • 1,200 mg for adults over the age of 71 and for women over the age of 50 (men between the ages of 50 and 70 only require 1,000 mg)

Calcium from all sources, including dairy-derived protein supplements such as whey protein or casein protein should be included and there is no specific timing of calcium supplements required. They can be taken at any point in the day, although preferably with a meal to aid in absorption.

Supplements Demystified: Get Our Unbiased, Evidence-Based Guide

Examine Database: Calcium
What works and what doesn't?

Unlock the full potential of Examine

Get started

Don't miss out on the latest research

References
  1. ^Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, A Catharine Ross, Christine L Taylor, Ann L Yaktine, Heather B Del ValleDietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D
  2. ^Recker RRCalcium absorption and achlorhydria.N Engl J Med.(1985 Jul 11)
  3. ^Sakhaee K, Bhuket T, Adams-Huet B, Rao DSMeta-analysis of calcium bioavailability: a comparison of calcium citrate with calcium carbonate.Am J Ther.(1999 Nov)
  4. ^Wood RJ, Serfaty-Lacrosniere CGastric acidity, atrophic gastritis, and calcium absorption.Nutr Rev.(1992 Feb)
  5. ^Afshan S, Farah Musa AR, Echols V, Lerant AA, Fülöp TPersisting Hypocalcemia After Surgical Parathyroidectomy: The Differential Effectiveness of Calcium Citrate Versus Calcium Carbonate With Acid Suppression.Am J Med Sci.(2017 Jan)
  6. ^Jamal SA, Vandermeer B, Raggi P, Mendelssohn DC, Chatterley T, Dorgan M, Lok CE, Fitchett D, Tsuyuki RTEffect of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet.(2013 Oct 12)
  7. ^Picolos MK, Lavis VR, Orlander PRMilk-alkali syndrome is a major cause of hypercalcaemia among non-end-stage renal disease (non-ESRD) inpatients.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2005 Nov)
  8. ^Rout, P., Hashmi, M.F., & Patel, C.“Milk-Alkali Syndrome”, in StatPearls (Internet). USA: StatPearls Publishing(2024)
  9. ^Sadiq, N.M., Anastasopoulou, C., Patel, G., & Badireddy, M.“Hypercalcemia”, in StatPearls (Internet). USA: StatPearls Publishing(2024)
  10. ^Pokhrel, B., Leslie, S.W., & Levine, S.N.“Primary Hyperparathyroidism”, in StatPearls (Internet). USA: StatPearls Publishing(2024)
  11. ^Marcocci C, Bollerslev J, Khan AA, Shoback DMMedical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the fourth International Workshop on the Management of Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2014 Oct)
  12. ^Jorde R, Szumlas K, Haug E, Sundsfjord JThe effects of calcium supplementation to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and a low calcium intake.Eur J Nutr.(2002 Dec)
  13. ^Vakiti, A., Anastasopoulou, C., & Mewawalla, P.“Malignancy-Related Hypercalcemia”, in StatPearls (Internet). USA: StatPearls Publishing(2023)
  14. ^Mirrakhimov AEHypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management.N Am J Med Sci.(2015 Nov)
  15. ^Messa P, Castellano G, Vettoretti S, Alfieri CM, Giannese D, Panichi V, Cupisti AVitamin D and Calcium Supplementation and Urolithiasis: A Controversial and Multifaceted Relationship.Nutrients.(2023 Mar 31)
  16. ^G C Curhan, W C Willett, F E Speizer, D Spiegelman, M J StampferComparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in womenAnn Intern Med.(1997 Apr 1)
  17. ^Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D, Women's Health Initiative InvestigatorsCalcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fracturesN Engl J Med.(2006 Feb 16)
  18. ^Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H, Gourlay M, LeBlanc E, Coker-Schwimmer M, Viswanathan MVitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.JAMA.(2018-04-17)
  19. ^Gary C Curhan, Walter C Willett, Eric L Knight, Meir J StampferDietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in younger women: Nurses' Health Study IIArch Intern Med.(2004 Apr 26)
  20. ^Candelas G, Martinez-Lopez JA, Rosario MP, Carmona L, Loza ECalcium supplementation and kidney stone risk in osteoporosis: a systematic literature review.Clin Exp Rheumatol.(2012 Nov-Dec)
  21. ^Heaney RPCalcium supplementation and incident kidney stone risk: a systematic review.J Am Coll Nutr.(2008 Oct)
  22. ^Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, Kushner RF, Lindquist R, Pessah-Pollack R, Seger J, Urman RD, Adams S, Cleek JB, Correa R, Figaro MK, Flanders K, Grams J, Hurley DL, Kothari S, Seger MV, Still CDCLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR THE PERIOPERATIVE NUTRITION, METABOLIC, AND NONSURGICAL SUPPORT OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING BARIATRIC PROCEDURES - 2019 UPDATE: COSPONSORED BY AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS/AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, THE OBESITY SOCIETY, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METABOLIC & BARIATRIC SURGERY, OBESITY MEDICINE ASSOCIATION, AND AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.Endocr Pract.(2019 Dec)
  23. ^Tondapu P, Provost D, Adams-Huet B, Sims T, Chang C, Sakhaee KComparison of the absorption of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.Obes Surg.(2009 Sep)
  24. ^Ring Madsen L, Espersen R, Rejnmark L, Richelsen BEffect of calcium citrate vs calcium carbonate on elevated parathyroid hormone after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. A double-blinded, randomized trial.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).(2018 Dec)
  25. ^Hany M, Wuyts S, Abouelnasr AA, Zidan A, Demerdash HM, Hussein HASM, Arida RE, Elsharkawi SM, Kramers C, Torensma BComparison of calcium citrate and calcium carbonate absorption in patients with a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and one-anastomosis gastric bypass: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial.Surg Obes Relat Dis.(2024 Nov 6)
  26. ^Baretta GA, Cambi MP, Rodrigues AL, Mendes SASECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY: TREATMENT IS WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE OR CALCIUM CITRATE?Arq Bras Cir Dig.(2015)
  27. ^Bruyère O, Deroisy R, Dardenne N, Cavalier E, Coffiner M, Da Silva S, De Niet S, Reginster JYA phase IV, two-armed, randomized, cross-over study comparing compliance with once-a-month administration of vitamin D3 to compliance with daily administration of a fixed-dose combination of vitamin D3 and calcium during two 6-month periods.Osteoporos Int.(2015 Dec)
  28. ^Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, Ip S, Lau J, Lee J, Lichtenstein A, Patel K, Raman G, Tatsioni A, Terasawa T, Trikalinos TAVitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes.Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep).(2009 Aug)
  29. ^Lewis JR, Zhu K, Prince RLAdverse events from calcium supplementation: relationship to errors in myocardial infarction self-reporting in randomized controlled trials of calcium supplementationJ Bone Miner Res.(2012 Mar)
  30. ^Rondanelli M, Minisola S, Barale M, Barbaro D, Mansueto F, Battaglia S, Bonaccorsi G, Caliri S, Cavioni A, Colangelo L, Corbetta S, Coretti F, Dito G, Gavioli V, Ghigo E, Giannattasio R, Lapi P, Maiorana B, Marra C, Mazzantini M, Morini E, Nannipieri F, Nuzzo V, Parri F, Perna S, Santori R, Procopio MEvaluating adherence, tolerability and safety of oral calcium citrate in elderly osteopenic subjects: a real-life non-interventional, prospective, multicenter study.Aging Clin Exp Res.(2024 Feb 12)
  31. ^Wang Y, Xie G, Huang Y, Zhang H, Yang B, Mao ZCalcium acetate or calcium carbonate for hyperphosphatemia of hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis.PLoS One.(2015)
  32. ^Gonzalez JT, Green BP, Brown MA, Rumbold PL, Turner LA, Stevenson EJCalcium ingestion suppresses appetite and produces acute overcompensation of energy intake independent of protein in healthy adults.J Nutr.(2015 Mar)
  33. ^Lorenzen JK, Nielsen S, Holst JJ, Tetens I, Rehfeld JF, Astrup AEffect of dairy calcium or supplementary calcium intake on postprandial fat metabolism, appetite, and subsequent energy intake.Am J Clin Nutr.(2007 Mar)
  34. ^Patel V, Mehra D, Ramirez B, Lindo A, Suarez MMilk-Alkali Syndrome as a Cause of Hypercalcemia in a Gentleman With Acute Kidney Injury and Excessive Antacid Intake.Cureus.(2021 Feb 1)
  35. ^Stoney B, Bagchi GAntacid abuse: a rare cause of severe hypercalcaemia.BMJ Case Rep.(2017 May 3)
  36. ^Medarov BIMilk-alkali syndrome.Mayo Clin Proc.(2009 Mar)
  37. ^Picolos MK, Orlander PRCalcium carbonate toxicity: the updated milk-alkali syndrome; report of 3 cases and review of the literatureEndocr Pract.(2005 Jul-Aug)
  38. ^Wang M, Cho C, Gray C, Chai TY, Daud R, Luttrell MMilk-alkali syndrome: a 'quick ease' or a 'long-lasting problem'.Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep.(2020 May 13)
  39. ^Ulett K, Wells B, Centor RHypercalcemia and acute renal failure in milk-alkali syndrome: a case report.J Hosp Med.(2010 Feb)
  40. ^Jain H, Murali S, Singh G, Amzuta ICalcium Carbonate (Tums)-Associated Hypercalcemic Crisis.Cureus.(2022 Dec)
  41. ^Bailey CS, Weiner JJ, Gibby OM, Penney MDExcessive calcium ingestion leading to milk-alkali syndrome.Ann Clin Biochem.(2008 Sep)
  42. ^Rout P, Hashmi MF, Patel CMilk-Alkali Syndrome.StatPearls.(2025 Jan)
  43. ^Marcus JF, Shalev SM, Harris CA, Goodin DS, Josephson SASevere hypercalcemia following vitamin d supplementation in a patient with multiple sclerosis: a note of caution.Arch Neurol.(2012 Jan)
  44. ^Machado MC, Bruce-Mensah A, Whitmire M, Rizvi AAHypercalcemia Associated with Calcium Supplement Use: Prevalence and Characteristics in Hospitalized Patients.J Clin Med.(2015 Mar 9)
  45. ^Drinka PJ, Moore J, Boushon MCSevere hypercalcemia after transition from calcium carbonate to calcium citrate in an elderly woman treated with ergocalciferol 50,000 IU per day.Am J Geriatr Pharmacother.(2006 Mar)
  46. ^Singh A, Ashraf AHypercalcemic crisis induced by calcium carbonate.Clin Kidney J.(2012 Aug)
  47. ^Rehan MA, Rashid A, Krell K, Gabutti C, Singh RCalcium Alkali Thiazide Syndrome: What We Need to Know.Cureus.(2020 Oct 8)
  48. ^Desai HV, Gandhi K, Sharma M, Jennine M, Singh P, Brogan MThiazide-induced severe hypercalcemia: a case report and review of literature.Am J Ther.(2010 Nov-Dec)
  49. ^Parvez B, Emuwa C, Faulkner ML, Murray JJMilk alkali and hydrochlorothiazide: a case report.Case Rep Med.(2011)
  50. ^Hakim R, Tolis G, Goltzman D, Meltzer S, Friedman RSevere hypercalcemia associated with hydrochlorothiazide and calcium carbonate therapy.Can Med Assoc J.(1979 Sep 8)
  51. ^Liu H, Lu M, Hu J, Fu G, Feng Q, Sun S, Chen CMedications and Food Interfering with the Bioavailability of Levothyroxine: A Systematic Review.Ther Clin Risk Manag.(2023)
  52. ^Benvenga S, Di Bari F, Vita RUndertreated hypothyroidism due to calcium or iron supplementation corrected by oral liquid levothyroxine.Endocrine.(2017 Apr)
  53. ^Csako G, McGriff NJ, Rotman-Pikielny P, Sarlis NJ, Pucino FExaggerated levothyroxine malabsorption due to calcium carbonate supplementation in gastrointestinal disorders.Ann Pharmacother.(2001 Dec)
  54. ^Song I, Borland J, Arya N, Wynne B, Piscitelli SPharmacokinetics of dolutegravir when administered with mineral supplements in healthy adult subjects.J Clin Pharmacol.(2015 May)
  55. ^Rajesh Krishna, Lilly East, Patrick Larson, Chandni Valiathan, Kristin Butterfield, Yang Teng, Martha Hernandez-IllasEffect of metal-cation antacids on the pharmacokinetics of 1200 mg raltegravirJ Pharm Pharmacol.(2016 Nov)
  56. ^Federspiel J, Bukhari MJ, Hamill MMInteractions between highly active antiretroviral therapy and over-the-counter agents: a cautionary note.BMJ Case Rep.(2021 Jan 6)
  57. ^Rock AE, DeMarais PL, Vergara-Rodriguez PT, Max BEHIV-1 Virologic Rebound Due to Coadministration of Divalent Cations and Bictegravir.Infect Dis Ther.(2020 Sep)
  58. ^Kang-Birken SL, El-Sayed D, Prichard JHIV Viral Rebound Due to a Possible Drug-Drug Interaction between Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide and Calcium-Containing Products: Report of 2 Cases.J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care.(2019 Jan-Dec)
  59. ^Roberts, J. et alVirologic Failure with a Raltegravir-Containing Antiretroviral Regimen and Concomitant Calcium AdministrationPharmacotherapy.(January 6, 2012)
  60. ^P J NeuvonenInteractions with the absorption of tetracyclinesDrugs.(1976)
  61. ^Kakemi K, Sezaki H, Ogata H, Nadai TAbsorption and excretion of drugs. XXXVI. Effect of Ca2+ on the absorption of tetracycline from the small intestine. (1).Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(1968 Nov)
  62. ^Wiesner A, Zagrodzki P, Gawalska A, Paśko PClinically important interactions of macrolides and tetracyclines with dietary interventions-a systematic review with meta-analyses.J Antimicrob Chemother.(2024 Nov 4)
  63. ^Bolhuis MS, Panday PN, Pranger AD, Kosterink JG, Alffenaar JWPharmacokinetic drug interactions of antimicrobial drugs: a systematic review on oxazolidinones, rifamycines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and Beta-lactams.Pharmaceutics.(2011 Nov 18)
  64. ^Wiesner A, Zagrodzki P, Gawalska A, Paśko PTogether or Apart? Revealing the Impact of Dietary Interventions on Bioavailability of Quinolones: A Systematic Review with Meta-analyses.Clin Pharmacokinet.(2024 Jun)
  65. ^Itoh A, Akagi Y, Shimomura H, Aoyama TInteraction between Bisphosphonates and Mineral Water: Study of Oral Risedronate Absorption in Rats.Biol Pharm Bull.(2016)
  66. ^Agnieszka Wiesner, Mariusz Szuta, Agnieszka Galanty, Paweł PaśkoOptimal Dosing Regimen of Osteoporosis Drugs in Relation to Food Intake as the Key for the Enhancement of the Treatment Effectiveness-A Concise Literature ReviewFoods.(2021 Mar 29)
  67. ^de Oliveira, P. et alAcute Effects Of Oral Calcium Carbonate With And Without The Addition Of Omeprazole And Fiber Enriched Milk On Serum Calcium Concentrations In Postmenopausal WomenInt Arch Med.(May 2017)
  68. ^Cervelli MJ, Shaman A, Meade A, Carroll R, McDonald SPEffect of gastric acid suppression with pantoprazole on the efficacy of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in haemodialysis patients.Nephrology (Carlton).(2012 Jul)
  69. ^Tatsuzawa M, Ogawa R, Ohkubo A, Shimojima K, Maeda K, Echizen H, Miyazaki AInfluence of proton pump inhibitors and histamine H(2) receptor antagonists on serum phosphorus level control by calcium carbonate in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a retrospective medical chart review.J Pharm Health Care Sci.(2016)
  70. ^O'Connell MB, Madden DM, Murray AM, Heaney RP, Kerzner LJEffects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial.Am J Med.(2005 Jul)
  71. ^Takahashi N, Shoji T, Matsubara K, Hitomi H, Hashimoto M, Kiyomoto H, Uchida K, Miki S, Hirohata M, Ishizu T, Akiyama K, Mizushige K, Matsuo H, Yuasa SEffect of histamine H2-receptor antagonist on the phosphorus-binding abilities of calcium carbonate and calcium lactate in hemodialysis patients.J Am Soc Nephrol.(1999 May)
  72. ^Tan CC, Harden PN, Rodger RS, Rowe PA, Spooner RJ, Junor BJ, Briggs JDRanitidine reduces phosphate binding in dialysis patients receiving calcium carbonate.Nephrol Dial Transplant.(1996 May)
  73. ^Milman S, Epstein EJProton pump inhibitor-induced hypocalcemic seizure in a patient with hypoparathyroidism.Endocr Pract.(2011 Jan-Feb)
  74. ^Kahela P, Anttila M, Tikkanen R, Sundquist HEffect of food, food constituents and fluid volume on the bioavailability of sotalol.Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh).(1979 Jan)
  75. ^P Kahela, M Anttila, H SundqvistAntacids and sotalol absorptionActa Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh).(1981 Sep)
  76. ^Vandermeulen L, Van Melkebeke L, Sienaert PLithium-associated hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World J Biol Psychiatry.(2024 Oct)
  77. ^Argiratos V, Samman SThe effect of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate on the absorption of zinc in healthy female subjects.Eur J Clin Nutr.(1994 Mar)
  78. ^Cook JD, Dassenko SA, Whittaker PCalcium supplementation: effect on iron absorptionAm J Clin Nutr.(1991 Jan)
  79. ^Gaitán D, Flores S, Saavedra P, Miranda C, Olivares M, Arredondo M, López de Romaña D, Lönnerdal B, Pizarro FCalcium does not inhibit the absorption of 5 milligrams of nonheme or heme iron at doses less than 800 milligrams in nonpregnant womenJ Nutr.(2011 Sep)
  80. ^Miranda M, Olivares M, Brito A, Pizarro FReducing iron deficiency anemia in Bolivian school children: calcium and iron combined versus iron supplementation alone.Nutrition.(2014 Jul-Aug)
  81. ^Bar-Or D, Gasiel YCalcium and calciferol antagonise effect of verapamil in atrial fibrillation.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).(1981 May 16)
  82. ^Salerno DM, Anderson B, Sharkey PJ, Iber CIntravenous verapamil for treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with and without calcium pretreatment.Ann Intern Med.(1987 Nov)
  83. ^Wohns DH, Patterson JH, Clarke S, Dunlap S, Blauwet MB, Koch G, Adams KF JrInfluence of calcium administration on the short-term hemodynamic and anti-ischemic effects of nifedipine.J Am Coll Cardiol.(1991 Oct)
  84. ^Haft JI, Habbab MATreatment of atrial arrhythmias. Effectiveness of verapamil when preceded by calcium infusion.Arch Intern Med.(1986 Jun)
  85. ^Moser LR, Smythe MA, Tisdale JEThe use of calcium salts in the prevention and management of verapamil-induced hypotension.Ann Pharmacother.(2000 May)
  86. ^Sato K, Dohi Y, Miyagawa K, Kojima MAcute antihypertensive effects of calcium channel blockers are not affected by calcium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension.Jpn Heart J.(1998 May)
  87. ^Nola GT, Pope S, Harrison DCAssessment of the synergistic relationship between serum calcium and digitalis.Am Heart J.(1970 Apr)
  88. ^Vella A, Gerber TC, Hayes DL, Reeder GSDigoxin, hypercalcaemia, and cardiac conduction.Postgrad Med J.(1999 Sep)
  89. ^Smith RB, Petruscak JSuccinylcholine, digitalis, and hypercalcemia: a case report.Anesth Analg.(1972 Mar-Apr)
  90. ^Carlon GC, Howland WS, Goldiner PL, Kahn RC, Bertoni G, Turnbull ADAdverse effects of calcium administration. Report of two cases.Arch Surg.(1978 Jul)
  91. ^Michael Levine, Heikki Nikkanen, Daniel J PallinThe effects of intravenous calcium in patients with digoxin toxicityJ Emerg Med.(2011 Jan)
  92. ^Kim M, Kim C, Song IAnalysis of lead in 55 brands of dietary calcium supplements by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion.Food Addit Contam.(2003 Feb)
  93. ^Scelfo GM, Flegal ARLead in calcium supplements.Environ Health Perspect.(2000 Apr)
  94. ^Bourgoin BP, Evans DR, Cornett JR, Lingard SM, Quattrone AJLead content in 70 brands of dietary calcium supplements.Am J Public Health.(1993 Aug)
  95. ^Ross EA, Szabo NJ, Tebbett IRLead content of calcium supplements.JAMA.(2000 Sep 20)
  96. ^Mattos JC, Hahn M, Augusti PR, Conterato GM, Frizzo CP, Unfer TC, Dressler VL, Flores EM, Emanuelli TLead content of dietary calcium supplements available in Brazil.Food Addit Contam.(2006 Feb)
  97. ^Rehman S, Adnan M, Khalid N, Shaheen LCalcium supplements: an additional source of lead contamination.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2011 Oct)
  98. ^Imdad A, Bhutta ZAEffects of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, fetal and birth outcomes.Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol.(2012 Jul)
  99. ^Kolnick L, Harris BD, Choma DP, Choma NNHypercalcemia in pregnancy: a case of milk-alkali syndrome.J Gen Intern Med.(2011 Aug)
  100. ^Addington S, Larson N, Scofield RHMilk-alkali syndrome in pre-eclamptic pregnancy: report of a patient and evaluation of albumin-corrected calcium in pre-eclamptic pregnancies.J Okla State Med Assoc.(2006 Sep)
  101. ^Picolos MK, Sims CR, Mastrobattista JM, Carroll MA, Lavis VRMilk-alkali syndrome in pregnancy.Obstet Gynecol.(2004 Nov)
  102. ^Robertson WC JrCalcium carbonate consumption during pregnancy: an unusual cause of neonatal hypocalcemia.J Child Neurol.(2002 Nov)
  103. ^Borkenhagen JF, Connor EL, Stafstrom CENeonatal hypocalcemic seizures due to excessive maternal calcium ingestion.Pediatr Neurol.(2013 Jun)
  104. ^Jarjou LM, Prentice A, Sawo Y, Laskey MA, Bennett J, Goldberg GR, Cole TJRandomized, placebo-controlled, calcium supplementation study in pregnant Gambian women: effects on breast-milk calcium concentrations and infant birth weight, growth, and bone mineral accretion in the first year of life.Am J Clin Nutr.(2006 Mar)
  105. ^A Prentice, L M Jarjou, T J Cole, D M Stirling, B Dibba, S Fairweather-TaitCalcium requirements of lactating Gambian mothers: effects of a calcium supplement on breast-milk calcium concentration, maternal bone mineral content, and urinary calcium excretionAm J Clin Nutr.(1995 Jul)
  106. ^Chao Yang, Xiangling Shi, Hui Xia, Xian Yang, Hechun Liu, Da Pan, Guiju SunThe Evidence and Controversy Between Dietary Calcium Intake and Calcium Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Randomized Controlled TrialsJ Am Coll Nutr.(May-Jun 2020)
  107. ^Seung-Kwon Myung, Hong-Bae Kim, Yong-Jae Lee, Yoon-Jung Choi, Seung-Won OhCalcium Supplements and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical TrialsNutrients.(2021 Jan 26)
  108. ^Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD, Reid IREffect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysisBMJ.(2010 Jul 29)
  109. ^John J B Anderson, Bridget Kruszka, Joseph A C Delaney, Ka He, Gregory L Burke, Alvaro Alonso, Diane E Bild, Matthew Budoff, Erin D MichosCalcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10-Year Follow-up of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)J Am Heart Assoc.(2016 Oct 11)
  110. ^Rahmati S, Azami M, Delpisheh A, Hafezi Ahmadi MR, Sayehmiri KTotal Calcium (Dietary and Supplementary) Intake and Prostate Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.(2018 Jun 25)
  111. ^Dagfinn Aune, Deborah A Navarro Rosenblatt, Doris S M Chan, Ana Rita Vieira, Rui Vieira, Darren C Greenwood, Lars J Vatten, Teresa NoratDairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studiesAm J Clin Nutr.(2015 Jan)
  112. ^Avenell A, MacLennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, McPherson GC, McDonald AM, Pant PR, Grant AM, Campbell MK, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis RM, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ, Wallace WA, RECORD Trial GroupLong-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial).J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2012 Feb)
Examine Database References
  1. PMS Symptoms - Yonkers KA, Pearlstein TB, Gotman NA pilot study to compare fluoxetine, calcium, and placebo in the treatment of premenstrual syndromeJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2013 Oct)
  2. PMS Symptoms - Masoumi SZ, Ataollahi M, Oshvandi KEffect of Combined Use of Calcium and Vitamin B6 on Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms: a Randomized Clinical TrialJ Caring Sci.(2016 Mar 1)
  3. PMS Symptoms - Penland JG, Johnson PEDietary calcium and manganese effects on menstrual cycle symptomsAm J Obstet Gynecol.(1993 May)
  4. Lipid Absorption - Govers MJ, Termont DS, Lapré JA, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ, Van der Meer RCalcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in humansCancer Res.(1996 Jul 15)
  5. Fecal Bile Acids - Ditscheid B, Keller S, Jahreis GFaecal steroid excretion in humans is affected by calcium supplementation and shows gender-specific differencesEur J Nutr.(2009 Feb)
  6. Bone Mineral Density - Agustina Malpeli, María Apezteguia, José L Mansur, Alicia Armanini, Melisa Macías Couret, Rosa Villalobos, Marta Kuzminczuk, Horacio F GonzalezCalcium supplementation, bone mineral density and bone mineral content. Predictors of bone mass changes in adolescent mothers during the 6-month postpartum periodArch Latinoam Nutr.(2012 Mar)
  7. Testosterone - Vedat Cinar, Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci, Rasim Mogulkoc, Mehmet KilicTestosterone levels in athletes at rest and exhaustion: effects of calcium supplementationBiol Trace Elem Res.(Summer 2009)
  8. PMS Symptoms - Shobeiri F, Araste FE, Ebrahimi R, Jenabi E, Nazari MEffect of calcium on premenstrual syndrome: A double-blind randomized clinical trialObstet Gynecol Sci.(2017 Jan)
  9. PMS Symptoms - Ghanbari Z, Haghollahi F, Shariat M, Foroshani AR, Ashrafi MEffects of calcium supplement therapy in women with premenstrual syndromeTaiwan J Obstet Gynecol.(2009 Jun)
  10. PMS Symptoms - Thys-Jacobs S, Starkey P, Bernstein D, Tian JCalcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Premenstrual Syndrome Study GroupAm J Obstet Gynecol.(1998 Aug)
  11. PMS Symptoms - Sutariya S, Talsania N, Shah C, Patel M.An interventional study (calcium supplementation & health education) on premenstrual syndrome - effect on premenstrual and menstrual symptomsNat J Com Med.()
  12. PMS Symptoms - Mandana Z, Azar AComparison of the Effect of Vit E, VitB6, Calcium and Omega-3 on the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Clinical Randomized TrialAnnu Res Rev Biol.()
  13. PMS Symptoms - Samieipour, s, et alEFFECT OF CALCIUM AND VITAMIN B1 ON THE SEVERITY OF PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALInt J Pharm Tech.()
  14. PMS Symptoms - Thys-Jacobs S, Ceccarelli S, Bierman A, Weisman H, Cohen MA, Alvir JCalcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trialJ Gen Intern Med.(1989 May-Jun)
  15. Blood Pressure - Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Pridmore B, Bryce R, Duggan P, Hague WM, Robinson JSCalcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: an Australian randomized trial. FRACOG and the ACT Study GroupAust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol.(1999 Feb)
  16. Pre-Eclampsia Risk - Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali MM, Zavaleta N, Purwar M, Hofmeyr J, Nguyen TN, Campódonico L, Landoulsi S, Carroli G, Lindheimer M, World Health Organization Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Trial GroupWorld Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant womenAm J Obstet Gynecol.(2006 Mar)
  17. Pre-Eclampsia Risk - Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN, Duley L, Torloni MRCalcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problemsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2014 Jun 24)
  18. Pre-Eclampsia Risk - Sibai BM, Ewell M, Levine RJ, Klebanoff MA, Esterlitz J, Catalano PM, Goldenberg RL, Joffe GRisk factors associated with preeclampsia in healthy nulliparous women. The Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention (CPEP) Study GroupAm J Obstet Gynecol.(1997 Nov)