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Inositol can improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, and may help manage polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and prevent gestational diabetes. The most commonly supplemented forms of inositol are myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol, but all forms are interchangeably referred to as inositol.
Last Updated:August 14, 2023
Inositol refers to a group of molecules (isomers) that are structurally similar to glucose and involved in cellular signaling.[1][2] Inositol is synthesized in the human body, but is also obtained in the diet from foods like citrus fruits, bran, beans, nuts, and seeds.[3][4][5] Inositol is also taken as a dietary supplement. The majority of inositol supplements contain the myo-inositol form, as it is the most plentiful type of inositol found in the body.[6]
Because supplementation with inositol can increase insulin sensitivity and help improve fasting glucose and postprandial glycemic control,[7][8] inositol might help prevent and/or treat diabetes. One type of diabetes for which the role of inositol has been widely studied is gestational diabetes, a condition characterized by abnormal glucose tolerance and high blood sugar during pregnancy. Meta-analyses show that supplementation with inositol during pregnancy might reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes and related birth complications.[9][10][11] However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether inositol is efficacious in the treatment of gestational diabetes.[12]
Inositol shows promise for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),[13][14][15] a condition characterized by high androgen levels, infertility, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism in women. However, given the small number of studies, the small sample sizes of these studies, and the general low quality of the evidence, further research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.
Supplementation with inositol may also help support weight loss: some evidence shows it can reduce body mass index (BMI) in people with overweight or obesity.[16] Supplementation with inositol may also reduce blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol.[17][18] However, the confounding effects of dietary intake and physical activity — factors that independently influence weight loss, blood lipids, and blood pressure — have not been clearly controlled in many studies. Consequently, there is a need for further randomized controlled trials examining the direct effect of inositol on these outcomes.
Although studies examining the safety of intravenously-administered inositol in preterm infants do not find a greater incidence of adverse events compared to placebo,[19][20][21] a thorough dose-response study of orally-administered inositol assessing safety and side effects is currently lacking. Consequently, the side effects of inositol are not clearly defined. However, while many randomized controlled trials of inositol fail to report side effects,[7] meta-analyses typically conclude that side effects following supplementation with inositol are not common.[7][12][9][11][15] That said, gastrointestinal problems like nausea and diarrhea have been documented at very high orally-administered doses (e.g., up to 12 grams of inositol per day) in adults.[22][6]
Inositols are molecules naturally present in the body with a role in various cellular signaling pathways.[6][23][24] The most robust effect of supplementation with inositol is on blood glucose control,[7][8][9][10][11] and this effect may be explained by inositol’s role in insulin signaling and its ability to increase insulin sensitivity.[6][23][24] However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanism(s) of action.[1][2]
Studies finding beneficial effects of inositol on gestational diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome typically administer myo-inositol in the range of 1–4 grams (1000–4000 milligrams) once daily.
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In this network meta-analysis, selenium improved thyroid antibody levels in participants with Hashimoto’s disease, compared with a placebo.
Quick Summary
In this network meta-analysis, selenium improved thyroid antibody levels in participants with Hashimoto’s disease, compared with a placebo.
The study
The participants had Hashimoto’s thyroiditis but were not taking thyroid medication (levothyroxine sodium), due to normal levels of serum T3 and serum T4.
The participants took a supplement containing the following:
Compared with the placebo, the selenium supplement improved thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies, with large effect sizes.
Nine of the 10 included studies were high-quality randomized controlled trials.
The results
This study is consistent with previous high-quality research suggesting selenium can be beneficial for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. For example, a 2024 meta-analysis of 35 RCTs showed similar improvements in thyroid peroxidase antibodies with selenium.[1]
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What was studied?
Whether supplementation with myo-inositol improved glycemic control outcomes.
The primary outcome was the percentage of participants who developed gestational diabetes, as diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation.
The secondary outcomes were HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin resistance (as evaluated by HOMA-IR and the Matsuda Index).
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What was studied?
The effect of supplementing with myo-inositol on insulin resistance in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Gene expression of the following pathways related to insulin resistance was assessed: AMPK, AKT, and PDK-1. Additionally, 4 different insulin resistance metrics were evaluated (HOMA-S, QUICKI, disposition index, and fasting insulin resistance index), all of which are calculations based on fasting glucose and insulin levels.
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What was studied?
The effect of supplementation with myo-inositol on glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in the context of gestational diabetes.
The primary outcomes were insulin resistance and the need for treatment with insulin. The secondary outcomes were infant birth weight, birth by cesarean delivery, and the risk of admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).
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Get started with Examine+ today.Because supplementation with inositol can increase insulin sensitivity and help improve fasting glucose and postprandial glycemic control,[7][8] inositol might help prevent and/or treat diabetes. One type of diabetes for which the role of inositol has been widely studied is gestational diabetes, a condition characterized by abnormal glucose tolerance and high blood sugar during pregnancy. Meta-analyses show that supplementation with inositol during pregnancy might reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes and related birth complications.[9][10][11] However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether inositol is efficacious in the treatment of gestational diabetes.[12]
Inositol shows promise for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),[13][14][15] a condition characterized by high androgen levels, infertility, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism in women. However, given the small number of studies, the small sample sizes of these studies, and the general low quality of the evidence, further research is needed before firm conclusions can be made.
Supplementation with inositol may also help support weight loss: some evidence shows it can reduce body mass index (BMI) in people with overweight or obesity.[16] Supplementation with inositol may also reduce blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol.[17][18] However, the confounding effects of dietary intake and physical activity — factors that independently influence weight loss, blood lipids, and blood pressure — have not been clearly controlled in many studies. Consequently, there is a need for further randomized controlled trials examining the direct effect of inositol on these outcomes.
Imaging studies show that inositol levels in the brain are involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression.[25] While studies in rodents have shown beneficial effects of inositol on anxiety,[25][26][27] the current evidence does not support its use for treating mood disorders in humans.[25][28][29] However, there are few clinical studies on this topic and further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed.
Myo-inositol is sometimes given intravenously for the nutritional management of premature babies. While this is likely safe for the baby,[19][20][21] the current evidence shows that myo-inositol is unlikely to reduce mortality (risk of death) or prevent conditions like retinopathy of prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome when given intravenously to premature babies.[30][21][31]
Full FAQ and database update
All the FAQs and the database were updated with the newest literature.