Licorice

Last Updated: August 27, 2024

Licorice is the common name for plants of the Glycyrrhiza genus. Licorice has been used traditionally to treat and support the respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary systems.

dosageDosage
examine-databaseExamine Database
research-feedResearch feed

Licorice is most often used for

What is licorice?

Licorice refers to plants in the Glycyrrhiza genus, particularly G. glabra and G. uralensis, which are known for their sweet root and bioactive components. It is considered a functional food and is generally recognized as safe for consumption, and there are specific regulations on glycyrrhizin content in various food products.

What are the known traditional, historical, and cultural uses of licorice?

What is deglycyrrhizinated licorice, and does it have the same risks and benefits as regular licorice?

What are licorice’s main benefits?

Licorice may benefit digestive health by reducing ulcerations, pain, and inflammation; it may potentially improve symptoms of conditions like functional dyspepsia and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, it may relieve symptoms of postoperative sore throat, rheumatoid arthritis, and atopic dermatitis and has potential protective effects against tumor growth and certain neurological conditions, though further research is needed to confirm these benefits.

Does licorice affect hormones?

Does licorice affect digestive health?

Does licorice affect immune function?

Does licorice affect neurological or cardiovascular health?

What are licorice’s main drawbacks?

Licorice can lead to serious health issues such as intoxication, hypertension, and hormonal imbalances, particularly due to its glycyrrhizin content, which may raise blood pressure and alter cortisol and testosterone levels. Additionally, high doses can cause nausea and fatigue; its effects on body weight are inconsistent, and it may potentially lead to water retention.

How does licorice work?

Licorice works primarily through glycyrrhizin, which inhibits enzymes along various hormonal pathways and potentially increases cortisol and reduces testosterone; it also improves insulin sensitivity and provides cardioprotection. Additionally, other components like glabridin and licochalcone A may offer anti-inflammatory effects and various health benefits, though further research is needed to confirm these effects in humans.

What are other names for Licorice?
Note that Licorice is also known as:
  • Liquorice
  • Yashtimadhu
  • Glycyrrhiza
  • Glycyrrizha uralensis
  • Glycyrrizha glabra
Dosage information

⚠️ Caution: There are safety concerns with licorice

Toxicity cases indicate that higher doses of glycyrrhizin — a component of licorice — and/or prolonged use of glycyrrhizin-containing products (over four weeks’ duration), seems to be associated with increased adverse effects.[1]

Glycyrrhizin may increase cortisol and blood pressure and/or decrease potassium and testosterone levels.[2][3] Using licorice products with a lower glycyrrhizin content (500 mg or less, daily) may be preferable if trying to avoid these effects.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Chronic licorice consumption has resulted in cases of rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown due to low potassium) and even death, so caution and moderation should be exercised when taking this as a supplement.[10][11]

When used as a treatment, licorice can be found in a wide variety of formulations, including but not limited to tablets, powder, drops, chewables, capsules, tea, dried root infusions, decoctions, syrups, tinctures, and gum. It’s also found in a wide variety of candies, foods, beverages, and even cigarettes as a flavoring agent.[12] The glycyrrhizin content of licorice products varies by the species and origin of the raw licorice root; according to one study, it can range from from 0.3–8.3% (with an average around 3.3%), but other studies have cited it as high as 6–10%.[13][14] Deglycyrrhizinated licorice is also available, and it has been processed to reduce glycyrrhizin content below detectable levels.

To treat ulcers and gastritis, daily dosing can range from 1–15 grams.[15] However, it should be noted that individual characteristics (sex, age, health status, etc.) and how the root has been prepared may affect its action or potency.[15][1][16]

Traditional Chinese Medicine recommends 8–15 grams of licorice extract for general health and up to 100 grams for use in health conditions, but it is commonly found combined with other ingredients in this context.[1] The components of licorice appear to interact with other nutrients, typically in a synergistic manner. When combined with lycopene, it may work synergistically to prevent LDL oxidation.[17] If taken alongside oriental bezoar and Panax ginseng, it is thought to synergistically reduce stress-induced biomarker changes.[18][19] Combining licorice with cranberry may confer a synergistic anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect.[20][21][22][23]

Supplements Demystified: Get Our Unbiased, Evidence-Based Guide

Examine Database: Licorice
What works and what doesn't?

Unlock the full potential of Examine

Get started

Don't miss out on the latest research

Update History
References
  1. ^Wang X, Zhang H, Chen L, Shan L, Fan G, Gao XLiquorice, a unique "guide drug" of traditional Chinese medicine: a review of its role in drug interactions.J Ethnopharmacol.(2013 Dec 12)
  2. ^Penninkilampi R, Eslick EM, Eslick GDThe association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Hum Hypertens.(2017 Nov)
  3. ^R A Josephs, J S Guinn, M L Harper, F AskariLiquorice consumption and salivary testosterone concentrationsLancet.(2001 Nov 10)
  4. ^Sigurjonsdottir HA, Manhem K, Axelson M, Wallerstedt SSubjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquoriceJ Hum Hypertens.(2003 Feb)
  5. ^Heilmann P, Heide J, Hundertmark S, Schöneshöfer MAdministration of glycyrrhetinic acid: significant correlation between serum levels and the cortisol/cortisone-ratio in serum and urine.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(1999)
  6. ^Armanini D, Lewicka S, Pratesi C, Scali M, Zennaro MC, Zovato S, Gottardo C, Simoncini M, Spigariol A, Zampollo VFurther studies on the mechanism of the mineralocorticoid action of licorice in humans.J Endocrinol Invest.(1996 Oct)
  7. ^Krähenbühl S, Hasler F, Frey BM, Frey FJ, Brenneisen R, Krapf RKinetics and dynamics of orally administered 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in humans.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(1994 Mar)
  8. ^MacKenzie MA, Hoefnagels WH, Jansen RW, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PWThe influence of glycyrrhetinic acid on plasma cortisol and cortisone in healthy young volunteers.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(1990 Jun)
  9. ^Helga Agusta Sigurjonsdottir, Magnus Axelson, Gudmundur Johannsson, Karin Manhem, Ernst Nystrom, Sven WallerstedtLiquorice in moderate doses does not affect sex steroid hormones of biological importance although the effect differs between the gendersHorm Res.(2006)
  10. ^Caradonna P, Gentiloni N, Servidei S, Perrone GA, Greco AV, Russo MAAcute myopathy associated with chronic licorice ingestion: reversible loss of myoadenylate deaminase activity.Ultrastruct Pathol.(1992 Sep-Oct)
  11. ^Barrella M, Lauria G, Quatrale R, Paolino EHypokaliemic rhabdomyolysis associated with liquorice ingestion: report of an atypical case.Ital J Neurol Sci.(1997 Aug)
  12. ^Wahab S, Annadurai S, Abullais SS, Das G, Ahmad W, Ahmad MF, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R, Ali MS, Amir M(Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology.Plants (Basel).(2021-Dec-14)
  13. ^Kondo K, Shiba M, Nakamura R, Morota T, Shoyama YConstituent properties of licorices derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, or G. inflata identified by genetic information.Biol Pharm Bull.(2007 Jul)
  14. ^Tian M, Yan H, Row KHExtraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin from licorice.Int J Mol Sci.(2008 Apr)
  15. ^El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota HTraditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae).Biomolecules.(2020 Feb 25)
  16. ^Ceccuzzi G, Rapino A, Perna B, Costanzini A, Farinelli A, Fiorica I, Marziani B, Cianci A, Rossin F, Cesaro AE, Spampinato MD, De Giorgio R, Guarino MLiquorice Toxicity: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Nutrients.(2023 Sep 5)
  17. ^Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Rosenblat M, Aviram MLycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic.Antioxid Redox Signal.(2000 Fall)
  18. ^Aisong Zheng, Toshio MoritaniEffect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity and immune system under mental arithmetic stressJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2008 Jun)
  19. ^Aisong Zheng, Toshio MoritaniEffect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity as evaluated by power spectral analysis of HRV and cardiac depolarization-repolarization processJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2008 Apr)
  20. ^Yu-Chi Hou, Shiuan-Pey Lin, Pei-Dawn Lee ChaoLiquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3AFood Chem.(2012 Dec 15)
  21. ^Nabekura T, Yamaki T, Ueno K, Kitagawa SInhibition of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 by dietary phytochemicals.Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.(2008 Oct)
  22. ^Ute M Kent, Michael Aviram, Mira Rosenblat, Paul F HollenbergThe licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9Drug Metab Dispos.(2002 Jun)
  23. ^Guo B, Fan XR, Fang ZZ, Cao YF, Hu CM, Yang J, Zhang YY, He RR, Zhu X, Yu ZW, Sun XY, Hong M, Yang LDeglycosylation of liquiritin strongly enhances its inhibitory potential towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms.Phytother Res.(2013 Aug)
  24. ^Hayashi H, Yokoshima K, Chiba R, Fujii I, Fattokhov I, Saidov MField Survey of Glycyrrhiza Plants in Central Asia (5). Chemical Characterization of G. bucharica Collected in Tajikistan.Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo).(2019)
  25. ^Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Belén LH, Kaur R, Kregiel D, Uprety Y, Beyatli A, Yeskaliyeva B, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, Sen S, Acharya K, Sharopov F, Cruz-Martins N, Kumar M, Razis AFA, Sunusi U, Kamal RM, Shaheen S, Suleria HARGlycyrrhiza Genus: Enlightening Phytochemical Components for Pharmacological and Health-Promoting Abilities.Oxid Med Cell Longev.(2021)
  26. ^Sato Y, He JX, Nagai H, Tani T, Akao TIsoliquiritigenin, one of the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhiza ularensis roots, acts in the lower part of intestine.Biol Pharm Bull.(2007 Jan)
  27. ^Wang ZY, Nixon DWLicorice and cancer.Nutr Cancer.(2001)
  28. ^Duval N, Gomès D, Calaora V, Calabrese A, Meda P, Bruzzone RCell coupling and Cx43 expression in embryonic mouse neural progenitor cells.J Cell Sci.(2002 Aug 15)
  29. ^Cho S, Park JH, Pae AN, Han D, Kim D, Cho NC, No KT, Yang H, Yoon M, Lee C, Shimizu M, Baek NIHypnotic effects and GABAergic mechanism of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) ethanol extract and its major flavonoid constituent glabrol.Bioorg Med Chem.(2012 Jun 1)
  30. ^Dorsareh F, Vahid-Dastjerdi G, Bouyahya A, Zarshenas MM, Rezaie M, Yang WM, Amiri-Ardekani ETopical Licorice for Aphthous: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.Iran J Med Sci.(2023-Sep)
  31. ^Liu H, Tan L, Fu G, Chen L, Tan HEfficacy of Topical Intervention for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Network Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas).(2022 Jun 7)
  32. ^Liang SB, Hou WB, Zheng RX, Liang CH, Yan LJ, Wang HN, Cao HJ, Han M, Robinson N, Liu JPCompound glycyrrhizin injection for improving liver function in children with acute icteric hepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Integr Med Res.(2022 Mar)
  33. ^Lu PD, Yuan MC, Quan XP, Chen JF, Zhao YHPreclinical studies of licorice in ulcerative colitis: A systematic review with meta-analysis and network pharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.(2022 Oct 5)
  34. ^Rosenblat M, Belinky P, Vaya J, Levy R, Hayek T, Coleman R, Merchav S, Aviram MMacrophage enrichment with the isoflavan glabridin inhibits NADPH oxidase-induced cell-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein. A possible role for protein kinase C.J Biol Chem.(1999 May 14)
  35. ^Heyworth PG, Badwey JAContinuous phosphorylation of both the 47 and the 49 kDa proteins occurs during superoxide production by neutrophils.Biochim Biophys Acta.(1990 May 2)
  36. ^Nauseef WM, Volpp BD, McCormick S, Leidal KG, Clark RAAssembly of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase. Protein kinase C promotes cytoskeletal and membrane association of cytosolic oxidase components.J Biol Chem.(1991 Mar 25)
  37. ^Zwickey H, Brush J, Iacullo CM, Connelly E, Gregory WL, Soumyanath A, Buresh RThe effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD25 expression in humans: a pilot studyPhytother Res.(2007 Nov)
  38. ^Julie Brush, Elissa Mendenhall, Alena Guggenheim, Tracy Chan, Erin Connelly, Amala Soumyanath, Randal Buresh, Richard Barrett, Heather ZwickeyThe effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD69 expression and immune cell activation in humansPhytother Res.(2006 Aug)
  39. ^Wang G, Qi Y, Wu L, Jiang GComparative Efficacy of 6 Topical Pharmacological Agents for Preventive Interventions of Postoperative Sore Throat After Tracheal Intubation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.Anesth Analg.(2021 Jul 1)
  40. ^Jinying Fang, Mingxuan Liu, Zhenghui Huang, Yucao Ma, Yiwen Wang, Xiaojia Zheng, Liu Lv, Chunpin Liu, Wei Li, Zhenghong Zhu, Huachao Zhu, Jie Hu, Yonghong Wang, Hailong WangEfficacy and safety of TCMs with anti-inflammatory effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A network meta-analysisFront Immunol.(2023 Mar 8)
  41. ^Han R, Ren HC, Zhou S, Gu S, Gu YY, Sze DM, Chen MHConventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs combined with Chinese Herbal Medicines for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Tradit Complement Med.(2022 Sep)
  42. ^Choi HJ, Seon MR, Lim SS, Kim JS, Chun HS, Park JHHexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis licorice suppresses doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts.Exp Biol Med (Maywood).(2008 Dec)
  43. ^Kim YH, Shin EK, Kim DH, Lee HH, Park JH, Kim JKAntiangiogenic effect of licochalcone A.Biochem Pharmacol.(2010 Oct 15)
  44. ^Xie SR, Wang Y, Liu CW, Luo K, Cai YQLiquiritigenin inhibits serum-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression via the AKT/mTOR-p70S6K signalling pathway in HeLa cells.Phytother Res.(2012 Aug)
  45. ^Liu Y, Xie S, Wang Y, Luo K, Wang Y, Cai YLiquiritigenin inhibits tumor growth and vascularization in a mouse model of HeLa cells.Molecules.(2012 Jun 12)
  46. ^Tan Y, Wang H, Xu B, Zhang X, Zhu G, Ge Y, Lu T, Gao R, Li JChinese herbal medicine combined with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of contributions of specific medicinal materials to tumor response.Front Pharmacol.(2022)
  47. ^Li Y, Hao M, Zhang B, Wang P, Zhang D, Lu S, Ma WMeta-analysis of the efficacy of glycyrrhizin for postoperative liver preservation in patients with liver cancer.J Cancer Res Ther.(2022 Apr)
  48. ^Yuanyuan Chen, Chien-Shan Cheng, Hor-Yue Tan, Chi Wing Tam, Ning Wang, Yibin FengEfficacy of Herbal Medicines Intervention for Colorectal Cancer Patients With Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity - a Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisFront Oncol.(2021 Mar 25)
  49. ^Lu H, Luo M, Chen R, Luo Y, Xi A, Wang K, Xu ZEfficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of epilepsy: A updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Epilepsy Res.(2023 Jan)
  50. ^Lin Z, Gu J, Xiu J, Mi T, Dong J, Tiwari JKTraditional chinese medicine for senile dementia.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
  51. ^Carmeli E, Fogelman YAntioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidationToxicol Ind Health.(2009 May-Jun)
  52. ^Carmeli E, Harpaz Y, Kogan NN, Fogelman YThe effect of an endogenous antioxidant glabridin on oxidized LDL.J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.(2008)
  53. ^M E Albermann, F Musshoff, L Hagemeier, B MadeaDetermination of glycyrrhetic acid after consumption of liquorice and application to a fatalityForensic Sci Int.(2010 Apr 15)
  54. ^van Uum SH, Walker BR, Hermus AR, Sweep CG, Smits P, de Leeuw PW, Lenders JWEffect of glycyrrhetinic acid on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.Clin Sci (Lond).(2002 Feb)
  55. ^S H M van Uum, A R M M Hermus, C G J Sweep, B R Walker, H A Ross, P W de Leeuw, J W M LendersShort-term cortisol infusion in the brachial artery, with and without inhibiting 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, does not alter forearm vascular resistance in normotensive and hypertensive subjectsEur J Clin Invest.(2002 Dec)
  56. ^Fumiki Aoki, Kaku Nakagawa, Mitsuaki Kitano, Hideyuki Ikematsu, Kenjirou Nakamura, Shinichi Yokota, Yuji Tominaga, Naoki Arai, Tatsumasa MaeClinical safety of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) and pharmacokinetics of glabridin in healthy humansJ Am Coll Nutr.(2007 Jun)
  57. ^Walker BR, Edwards CRLicorice-induced hypertension and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.(1994 Jun)
  58. ^Farese RV Jr, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CH, Irony I, Gomez-Fontes RLicorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism.N Engl J Med.(1991 Oct 24)
  59. ^Liu L, Li H, Tan G, Ma ZTraditional Chinese herbal medicine in treating amenorrhea caused by antipsychotic drugs: Meta-analysis and systematic review.J Ethnopharmacol.(2022 May 10)
  60. ^Decio Armanini, Mee Jung Mattarello, Cristina Fiore, Guglielmo Bonanni, Carla Scaroni, Paola Sartorato, Mario PalermoLicorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy womenSteroids.(Oct-Nov 2004)
  61. ^Somjen D, Knoll E, Vaya J, Stern N, Tamir SEstrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2004 Jul)
  62. ^Simons R, Vincken JP, Mol LA, The SA, Bovee TF, Luijendijk TJ, Verbruggen MA, Gruppen HAgonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra).Anal Bioanal Chem.(2011 Jul)
  63. ^Armanini D, Fiore C, Mattarello MJ, Bielenberg J, Palermo MHistory of the endocrine effects of licorice.Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2002 Sep)
  64. ^Al-Dujaili EA, Kenyon CJ, Nicol MR, Mason JILiquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activityMol Cell Endocrinol.(2011 Apr 10)
  65. ^Mee Jung Mattarello, Stefano Benedini, Cristina Fiore, Valentina Camozzi, Paola Sartorato, Giovanni Luisetto, Decio ArmaniniEffect of licorice on PTH levels in healthy womenSteroids.(2006 May)
  66. ^Bell ZW, Canale RE, Bloomer RJA dual investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation with licorice flavonoid oil on anthropometric and biochemical markers of health and adiposityLipids Health Dis.(2011 Feb 10)
  67. ^Armanini D, De Palo CB, Mattarello MJ, Spinella P, Zaccaria M, Ermolao A, Palermo M, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Francini-Pesenti F, Karbowiak IEffect of licorice on the reduction of body fat mass in healthy subjects.J Endocrinol Invest.(2003 Jul)
  68. ^Armanini D, Nacamulli D, Francini-Pesenti F, Battagin G, Ragazzi E, Fiore CGlycyrrhetinic acid, the active principle of licorice, can reduce the thickness of subcutaneous thigh fat through topical application.Steroids.(2005 Jul)
  69. ^Sabbioni C, Ferranti A, Bugamelli F, Forti GC, Raggi MASimultaneous HPLC analysis, with isocratic elution, of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots and confectionery products.Phytochem Anal.(2006 Jan-Feb)
  70. ^Wang YC, Yang YSSimultaneous quantification of flavonoids and triterpenoids in licorice using HPLC.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2007 May 1)
  71. ^Gantait A, Pandit S, Nema NK, Mukjerjee PKQuantification of glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza glabra extract by validated HPTLC densitometry.J AOAC Int.(2010 Mar-Apr)
  72. ^W-J Zhao, B-J Wang, C-M Wei, G-Y Yuan, F-L Bu, R-C GuoDetermination of glycyrrhetic acid in human plasma by HPLC-MS method and investigation of its pharmacokineticsJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2008 Jun)
  73. ^Armanini D, Bonanni G, Palermo MReduction of serum testosterone in men by licoriceN Engl J Med.(1999 Oct 7)
  74. ^Armanini D, Bonanni G, Mattarello MJ, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Palermo MLicorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy manExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2003 Sep)
  75. ^Myung-Hee Moon, Jae-Kyo Jeong, You-Jin Lee, Jae-Won Seol, Dong-Choon Ahn, In-Shik Kim, Sang-Youel Park18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits adipogenic differentiation and stimulates lipolysisBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2012 Apr 20)
  76. ^Wai Yen Alfred Lim, Yoke Yin Chia, Shih Yeen Liong, So Ha Ton, Khalid Abdul Kadir, Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed HusainLipoprotein lipase expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered glycyrrhizic acid-treated ratsLipids Health Dis.(2009 Jul 29)
  77. ^Eu CH, Lim WY, Ton SH, bin Abdul Kadir KGlycyrrhizic acid improved lipoprotein lipase expression, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid and lipid deposition in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.Lipids Health Dis.(2010 Jul 29)
  78. ^Hundertmark S, Bühler H, Rudolf M, Weitzel HK, Ragosch VInhibition of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity enhances the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticosteroids on MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells.J Endocrinol.(1997 Oct)
  79. ^Rossi T, Castelli M, Zandomeneghi G, Ruberto A, Benassi L, Magnoni C, Santachiara S, Baggio GSelectivity of action of glycyrrhizin derivatives on the growth of MCF-7 and HEP-2 cells.Anticancer Res.(2003 Sep-Oct)
  80. ^Sharma G, Kar S, Palit S, Das PK18β-glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis through modulation of Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.J Cell Physiol.(2012 May)
  81. ^García-Dorado D, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Ruiz-Meana MGap junction-mediated spread of cell injury and death during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.Cardiovasc Res.(2004 Feb 15)
  82. ^Rodríguez-Sinovas A, García-Dorado D, Ruiz-Meana M, Soler-Soler JProtective effect of gap junction uncouplers given during hypoxia against reoxygenation injury in isolated rat hearts.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2006 Feb)
  83. ^Daniel EECommunication between interstitial cells of Cajal and gastrointestinal muscle.Neurogastroenterol Motil.(2004 Apr)
  84. ^Takeda Y, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Koh SDEffects of the gap junction blocker glycyrrhetinic acid on gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2005 Apr)
  85. ^Davidson JS, Baumgarten IMGlycyrrhetinic acid derivatives: a novel class of inhibitors of gap-junctional intercellular communication. Structure-activity relationships.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.(1988 Sep)
  86. ^Davidson JS, Baumgarten IM, Harley EHReversible inhibition of intercellular junctional communication by glycyrrhetinic acid.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.(1986 Jan 14)
  87. ^Jong Soon Kang, Yeo Dae Yoon, Mi Hwa Han, Sang-Bae Han, Kiho Lee, Ki Hoon Lee, Song-Kyu Park, Hwan Mook KimGlabridin suppresses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by blocking sphingosine kinase pathway: implications of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel signaling pathwaysMol Pharmacol.(2006 Mar)
  88. ^Hyuck-Se Kwon, Jun Hong Park, Dae Hwan Kim, Yoon Hee Kim, Jung Han Yoon Park, Hyun-Kyung Shin, Jin-Kyung KimLicochalcone A isolated from licorice suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 cells and endotoxin shock in miceJ Mol Med (Berl).(2008 Nov)
  89. ^S Tamir, M Eizenberg, D Somjen, N Stern, R Shelach, A Kaye, J VayaEstrogenic and antiproliferative properties of glabridin from licorice in human breast cancer cellsCancer Res.(2000 Oct 15)
  90. ^Jiyun Ahn, Hyunjung Lee, Jayoung Jang, Suna Kim, Taeyoul HaAnti-obesity effects of glabridin-rich supercritical carbon dioxide extract of licorice in high-fat-fed obese miceFood Chem Toxicol.(2013 Jan)
  91. ^Birari RB, Gupta S, Mohan CG, Bhutani KKAntiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: experimental and computational studies.Phytomedicine.(2011 Jun 15)
  92. ^Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Ragazzi E, Zanchin G, Armanini DA history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe.J Ethnopharmacol.(2005 Jul 14)
  93. ^Isbrucker RA, Burdock GARisk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin.Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2006 Dec)
  94. ^Das D, Agarwal SK, Chandola HMProtective effect of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) against side effects of radiation/chemotherapy in head and neck malignancies.Ayu.(2011 Apr)
  95. ^Moerman, Daniel ENative American Ethnobotany: A Database of Foods, Drugs, Dyes and Fibers of Native American Peoples, Derived from Plants; University of Michigan-Dearborn, cited May 2024(2023 Oct)
  96. ^Tamir S, Eizenberg M, Somjen D, Izrael S, Vaya JEstrogen-like activity of glabrene and other constituents isolated from licorice root.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2001 Sep)
  97. ^Somjen D, Katzburg S, Vaya J, Kaye AM, Hendel D, Posner GH, Tamir SEstrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissues.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.(2004 Aug)
  98. ^Martin MD, Sherman J, van der Ven P, Burgess JA controlled trial of a dissolving oral patch concerning glycyrrhiza (licorice) herbal extract for the treatment of aphthous ulcersGen Dent.(2008 Mar-Apr)
  99. ^Kim YW, Kim YM, Yang YM, Kay HY, Kim WD, Lee JW, Hwang SJ, Kim SGInhibition of LXRα-dependent steatosis and oxidative injury by liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, as mediated with Nrf2 activation.Antioxid Redox Signal.(2011 Mar 1)
  100. ^Yahagi N, Shimano H, Hasty AH, Matsuzaka T, Ide T, Yoshikawa T, Amemiya-Kudo M, Tomita S, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Osuga J, Harada K, Gotoda T, Nagai R, Ishibashi S, Yamada NAbsence of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) ameliorates fatty livers but not obesity or insulin resistance in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) mice.J Biol Chem.(2002 May 31)
  101. ^Kim YM, Kim TH, Kim YW, Yang YM, Ryu DH, Hwang SJ, Lee JR, Kim SC, Kim SGInhibition of liver X receptor-α-dependent hepatic steatosis by isoliquiritigenin, a licorice antioxidant flavonoid, as mediated by JNK1 inhibition.Free Radic Biol Med.(2010 Dec 1)
  102. ^Rhee SD, Kim CH, Park JS, Jung WH, Park SB, Kim HY, Bae GH, Kim TJ, Kim KYCarbenoxolone prevents the development of fatty liver in C57BL/6-Lep ob/ob mice via the inhibition of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c activity and apoptosis.Eur J Pharmacol.(2012 Sep 15)
  103. ^P Alberts, L Engblom, N Edling, M Forsgren, G Klingström, C Larsson, Y Rönquist-Nii, B Ohman, L AbrahmsénSelective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 decreases blood glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemic miceDiabetologia.(2002 Nov)
  104. ^Ji Seon Park, Sang Dal Rhee, Nam Sook Kang, Won Hoon Jung, Hee Youn Kim, Jun Hyoung Kim, Seung Kyu Kang, Hyae Gyeong Cheon, Jin Hee Ahn, Ki Young KimAnti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects of a novel selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, 2-(3-benzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-yl-1-phenylethanone (KR-66344)Biochem Pharmacol.(2011 Apr 15)
  105. ^Hongmin Li, Xiaoyin Sun, Jingwei He, Cheng Tan, Ting DaiEfficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine Jianpi formulas for atopic dermatitis: Evidence from 11 randomized controlled trialsJ Cosmet Dermatol.(2022 Mar)
  106. ^Yuebo Song, Qiuyang Jia, Xiaorui Guan, Sugimoto Kazuo, Jia Liu, Weisong Duan, Luda Feng, Chi Zhang, Ying GaoHerbal medicine for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysisFront Pharmacol.(2022 Aug 31)
  107. ^Phang MWL, Lew SY, Chung I, Lim WK, Lim LW, Wong KHTherapeutic roles of natural remedies in combating hereditary ataxia: A systematic review.Chin Med.(2021 Jan 28)
  108. ^Armanini D, Castello R, Scaroni C, Bonanni G, Faccini G, Pellati D, Bertoldo A, Fiore C, Moghetti PTreatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with spironolactone plus licorice.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.(2007 Mar)
  109. ^Yoshino T, Shimada S, Homma M, Makino T, Mimura M, Watanabe KClinical Risk Factors of Licorice-Induced Pseudoaldosteronism Based on Glycyrrhizin-Metabolite Concentrations: A Narrative Review.Front Nutr.(2021)
  110. ^Størmer FC, Reistad R, Alexander JGlycyrrhizic acid in liquorice--evaluation of health hazard.Food Chem Toxicol.(1993 Apr)
  111. ^Spinks EA, Fenwick GRThe determination of glycyrrhizin in selected UK liquorice products.Food Addit Contam.(1990 Nov-Dec)
  112. ^Wu T, Yang J, Xia J, Sun GEffects of Licorice Functional Components Intakes on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and NETWORK Toxicology.Nutrients.(2024 Nov 2)
  113. ^Bernardi M, D'Intino PE, Trevisani F, Cantelli-Forti G, Raggi MA, Turchetto E, Gasbarrini GEffects of prolonged ingestion of graded doses of licorice by healthy volunteers.Life Sci.(1994)
  114. ^Chubachi A, Wakui H, Asakura K, Nishimura S, Nakamoto Y, Miura ABAcute renal failure following hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis due to chronic glycyrrhizic acid administration.Intern Med.(1992 May)
  115. ^Liew ZH, Lee KGLiquorice-Induced Severe Hypokalaemic Rhabdomyolysis with Acute Kidney Injury.Ann Acad Med Singap.(2017 Sep)
  116. ^Velickovic-Radovanovic, R. et alAcute renal failure after licorice ingestion: A case reportCent Eur J Med.(Dec 16, 2020)
  117. ^Daniş, R. et alLicorice Ingestion; An Unusual Cause of Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal FailureTurkish J Nephrol.(Feb 4, 2019)
  118. ^Quinkler M, Stewart PMHypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2003 Jun)
  119. ^Støving RK, Lingqvist LE, Bonde RK, Andries A, Hansen MH, Andersen M, Hørder KIs glycyrrhizin sensitivity increased in anorexia nervosa and should licorice be avoided? Case report and review of the literature.Nutrition.(2011 Jul-Aug)
  120. ^Nightingale S, Smith PE, Turnbull DMAnorexia nervosa, liquorice and hypokalaemic myopathy.Postgrad Med J.(1981 Sep)
  121. ^Aquilina, G. et alScientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of glycyrrhizic acid ammoniated (chemical group 30, miscellaneous substances) when used as a flavouring for all animal speciesEFSA J.(Jan 13, 2015)
  122. ^Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh JA human physiologically-based model for glycyrrhzic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling.Pharm Res.(2000 Dec)
  123. ^Menati L, Khaleghinezhad K, Tadayon M, Siahpoosh AEvaluation of contextual and demographic factors on licorice effects on reducing hot flashes in postmenopause women.Health Care Women Int.(2014 Jan)
  124. ^Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira LMetabolic changes after licorice consumption: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of clinical trials.Phytomedicine.(2018 Jan 15)
  125. ^Sontia B, Mooney J, Gaudet L, Touyz RMPseudohyperaldosteronism, liquorice, and hypertension.J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).(2008 Feb)
  126. ^Dabauvalle MC, Loos K, Merkert H, Scheer USpontaneous assembly of pore complex-containing membranes ("annulate lamellae") in Xenopus egg extract in the absence of chromatin.J Cell Biol.(1991 Mar)
  127. ^Celik MM, Karakus A, Zeren C, Demir M, Bayarogullari H, Duru M, Al MLicorice induced hypokalemia, edema, and thrombocytopenia.Hum Exp Toxicol.(2012 Dec)
  128. ^Kimyon RS, Liou YL, Schlarbaum JP, Warshaw EMAllergic Contact Dermatitis to Licorice Root Extract.Dermatitis.(2019 May/Jun)
  129. ^Gatica-Ortega ME, Pastor-Nieto MAAllergic contact dermatitis to Glycyrrhiza inflata root extract in an anti-acne cosmetic product.Contact Dermatitis.(2021 Oct)
  130. ^Wuyts L, van Hoof T, Lambert J, Aerts OAllergic contact dermatitis caused by aftershave creams containing Glycyrrhiza inflata.Contact Dermatitis.(2017 Jul)
  131. ^Benge E, Shah P, Yamaguchi L, Josef VTrick or Treat? Licorice-Induced Hypokalemia: A Case Report.Cureus.(2020 Nov 23)
  132. ^Teelucksingh S, Mackie AD, Burt D, McIntyre MA, Brett L, Edwards CRPotentiation of hydrocortisone activity in skin by glycyrrhetinic acid.Lancet.(1990 May 5)
  133. ^Chen MF, Shimada F, Kato H, Yano S, Kanaoka MEffect of oral administration of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone.Endocrinol Jpn.(1991 Apr)
  134. ^M F Chen, F Shimada, H Kato, S Yano, M KanaokaEffect of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following low dosage of prednisolone hemisuccinateEndocrinol Jpn.(1990 Jun)
  135. ^Ojima M, Satoh K, Gomibuchi T, Itoh N, Kin S, Fukuchi S, Miyachi YThe inhibitory effects of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on the metabolism of cortisol and prednisolone--in vivo and in vitro studies.Nihon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi.(1990 May 20)
  136. ^de Klerk GJ, Nieuwenhuis MG, Beutler JJHypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum.BMJ.(1997 Mar 8)
  137. ^Francini-Pesenti F, Puato M, Piccoli A, Brocadello FLiquorice-induced hypokalaemia and water retention in the absence of hypertension.Phytother Res.(2008 Apr)
  138. ^Ottenbacher R, Blehm JAn Unusual Case of Licorice-Induced Hypertensive Crisis.S D Med.(2015 Aug)
  139. ^van Beers EJ, Stam J, van den Bergh WMLicorice consumption as a cause of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a case report.Crit Care.(2011)
  140. ^Falet JP, Elkrief A, Green LHypertensive emergency induced by licorice tea.CMAJ.(2019 May 27)
  141. ^Hukkanen J, Ukkola O, Savolainen MJEffects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma potassium in healthy volunteers.Blood Press.(2009)
  142. ^Heidemann HT, Kreuzfelder EHypokalemic rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria due to licorice ingestion and diuretic treatment.Klin Wochenschr.(1983 Mar 15)
  143. ^Harada T, Ohtaki E, Misu K, Sumiyoshi T, Hosoda SCongestive heart failure caused by digitalis toxicity in an elderly man taking a licorice-containing chinese herbal laxative.Cardiology.(2002)
  144. ^Famularo G, Corsi FM, Giacanelli MIatrogenic worsening of hypokalemia and neuromuscular paralysis associated with the use of glucose solutions for potassium replacement in a young woman with licorice intoxication and furosemide abuse.Acad Emerg Med.(1999 Sep)
  145. ^Pelner LLicorice and hypertension.JAMA.(1969 Jun 9)
  146. ^Lin SP, Tsai SY, Hou YC, Chao PDGlycyrrhizin and licorice significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in rats.J Agric Food Chem.(2009 Mar 11)
  147. ^Abe K, Higurashi T, Takahashi M, Maeda-Minami A, Kawano Y, Miyazaki S, Mano YConcomitant Use of High-dose Methotrexate and Glycyrrhizin Affects Pharmacokinetics of Methotrexate, Resulting in Hepatic Toxicity.In Vivo.(2021 Jul-Aug)
  148. ^Liu JF, Srivatsa A, Kaul VBlack licorice ingestion: Yet another confounding agent in patients with melena.World J Gastrointest Surg.(2010 Jan 27)
  149. ^Song J, Dai H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang WInfluence of glycyrrhetinic acid on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats.Xenobiotica.(2020 May)
  150. ^Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Zhou HH, Toma D, Ren S, Huang L, Yaramus M, Baum A, Venkataramanan R, Xie WTraditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.(2006 Mar)
  151. ^Ha Y, Wang T, Li J, Li J, Lu R, Li J, Chen L, Gan PHerb-Drug Interaction Potential of Licorice Extract and Paclitaxel: A Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats.Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.(2020 Apr)
  152. ^Rehman, R & Hai, O“Digitalis Toxicity”, in StatPearls (Internet). USA: StatPearls Publishing(2023)
  153. ^Lilong Jiang, Qiong Wang, Shu Shen, Tongshu Xiao, Youbin LiDiscovery of glycyrrhetinic acid as an orally active, direct inhibitor of blood coagulation factor xaThromb Res.(2014 Mar)
  154. ^Mendes-Silva W, Assafim M, Ruta B, Monteiro RQ, Guimarães JA, Zingali RBAntithrombotic effect of Glycyrrhizin, a plant-derived thrombin inhibitor.Thromb Res.(2003)
  155. ^Chung CL, Chen JH, Huang WC, Sheu JR, Hsia CW, Jayakumar T, Hsia CH, Chiou KR, Hou SMGlabridin, a Bioactive Flavonoid from Licorice, Effectively Inhibits Platelet Activation in Humans and Mice.Int J Mol Sci.(2022 Sep 27)
  156. ^Li G, Simmler C, Chen L, Nikolic D, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RBCytochrome P450 inhibition by three licorice species and fourteen licorice constituents.Eur J Pharm Sci.(2017 Nov 15)
  157. ^Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Gurley BJ, Khan SIEvaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2.J Diet Suppl.(2023)
  158. ^Liu J, Banuvar S, Viana M, Barengolts E, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RBPharmacokinetic Interactions of a Licorice Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Female Participants.Drug Metab Dispos.(2023 Feb)
  159. ^Tu JH, He YJ, Chen Y, Fan L, Zhang W, Tan ZR, Huang YF, Guo D, Hu DL, Wang D, Hong-Hao ZhouEffect of glycyrrhizin on the activity of CYP3A enzyme in humans.Eur J Clin Pharmacol.(2010 Aug)
  160. ^Takara K, Horibe S, Obata Y, Yoshikawa E, Ohnishi N, Yokoyama TEffects of 19 herbal extracts on the sensitivity to paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil in HeLa cells.Biol Pharm Bull.(2005 Jan)
  161. ^Feng D, Tang T, Fan R, Luo J, Cui H, Wang Y, Gan PGancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) provides the main contribution to Shaoyao-Gancao decoction on enhancements of CYP3A4 and MDR1 expression via pregnane X receptor pathway in vitro.BMC Complement Altern Med.(2018 Dec 29)
  162. ^Zhang M, Wang C, Ou ZL, Wen J, Cai HL, Fang PFEffects of licorice extracts on the pharmacokinetics of brucine in rats and its possible mechanism.Pak J Pharm Sci.(2020 Sep)
  163. ^Yao HW, Fu XY, Xie QD, Huang BB, Sun YB, Li GFEffect of liquorice decoction on rat intestinal P-glycoprotein.Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.(2009 Aug)
  164. ^Yan M, Fang PF, Li HD, Xu P, Liu YP, Wang F, Cai HL, Tan QYLack of effect of continuous glycyrrhizin administration on the pharmacokinetics of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol in healthy volunteers.Eur J Clin Pharmacol.(2013 Mar)
  165. ^Moon A, Kim SHEffect of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots and glycyrrhizin on the glucuronidation in rats.Planta Med.(1997 Apr)
  166. ^Ishimi Y, Takebayashi J, Tousen Y, Yamauchi J, Fuchino H, Kawano T, Inui T, Yoshimatsu K, Kawahara NQuality evaluation of health foods containing licorice in the Japanese Market.Toxicol Rep.(2019)
  167. ^Li, T. et alSpecies identification and quality evaluation of licorice in the herbal trade using DNA barcoding, HPLC and colorimetryInt J Food Prop.(Dec 28, 2022)
  168. ^Li G, Nikolic D, van Breemen RBIdentification and Chemical Standardization of Licorice Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements Using UHPLC-MS/MS.J Agric Food Chem.(2016 Oct 26)
  169. ^Cuzzolin L, Francini-Pesenti F, Verlato G, Joppi M, Baldelli P, Benoni GUse of herbal products among 392 Italian pregnant women: focus on pregnancy outcome.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf.(2010 Nov)
  170. ^Choi JS, Han JY, Ahn HK, Ryu HM, Kim MY, Chung JH, Nava-Ocampo AA, Koren GFetal and neonatal outcomes in women reporting ingestion of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) during pregnancy.Planta Med.(2013 Jan)
  171. ^Strandberg TE, Järvenpää AL, Vanhanen H, McKeigue PMBirth outcome in relation to licorice consumption during pregnancy.Am J Epidemiol.(2001 Jun 1)
  172. ^Strandberg TE, Andersson S, Järvenpää AL, McKeigue PMPreterm birth and licorice consumption during pregnancy.Am J Epidemiol.(2002 Nov 1)
  173. ^Räikkönen K, Martikainen S, Pesonen AK, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Pyhälä R, Lahti M, Tuovinen S, Wehkalampi K, Sammallahti S, Kuula L, Andersson S, Eriksson JG, Ortega-Alonso A, Reynolds RM, Strandberg TE, Seckl JR, Kajantie EMaternal Licorice Consumption During Pregnancy and Pubertal, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Outcomes in Children.Am J Epidemiol.(2017 Mar 1)
  174. ^Räikkönen K, Seckl JR, Heinonen K, Pyhälä R, Feldt K, Jones A, Pesonen AK, Phillips DI, Lahti J, Järvenpää AL, Eriksson JG, Matthews KA, Strandberg TE, Kajantie EMaternal prenatal licorice consumption alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in children.Psychoneuroendocrinology.(2010 Nov)
  175. ^Rosti L, Nardini A, Bettinelli ME, Rosti DToxic effects of a herbal tea mixture in two newborns.Acta Paediatr.(1994 Jun)
  176. ^Licorice. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®); USA: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, updated August 2024, cited December 2024(2006)
  177. ^Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert PanelFinal report on the safety assessment of Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Potassium Glycyrrhetinate, Disodium Succinoyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glyceryl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhetinyl Stearate, Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate, Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ammonium Glycyrrhizate, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Disodium Glycyrrhizate, Trisodium Glycyrrhizate, Methyl Glycyrrhizate, and Potassium GlycyrrhizinateInt J Toxicol.(2007)
  178. ^Russo S, Mastropasqua M, Mosetti MA, Persegani C, Paggi ALow doses of liquorice can induce hypertension encephalopathy.Am J Nephrol.(2000 Mar-Apr)
  179. ^van den Bosch AE, van der Klooster JM, Zuidgeest DM, Ouwendijk RJ, Dees ASevere hypokalaemic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis due to ingestion of liquorice.Neth J Med.(2005 Apr)
  180. ^Dobbins KR, Saul RFTransient visual loss after licorice ingestion.J Neuroophthalmol.(2000 Mar)
  181. ^McHugh J, Nagabathula R, Kyithar MPA life-threatening case of pseudo-aldosteronism secondary to excessive liquorice ingestion.BMC Endocr Disord.(2021 Aug 6)
  182. ^Chamberlain JJ, Abolnik IZPulmonary edema following a licorice binge.West J Med.(1997 Sep)
  183. ^Chamberlain TJLicorice poisoning, pseudoaldosteronism, and heart failure.JAMA.(1970 Aug 24)
  184. ^Hasegawa J, Suyama Y, Kinugawa T, Morisawa T, Kishimoto YEchocardiographic findings of the heart resembling dilated cardiomyopathy during hypokalemic myopathy due to licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism.Cardiovasc Drugs Ther.(1998 Dec)
  185. ^Han EJ, Park JSLethal Arrhythmia Induced by Licorice.J Korean Med Sci.(2023 Mar 27)
  186. ^Eriksson JW, Carlberg B, Hillörn VLife-threatening ventricular tachycardia due to liquorice-induced hypokalaemia.J Intern Med.(1999 Mar)
  187. ^Yoshida C, Yamamoto H, Inoue T, Itoh M, Shimane A, Kawai H, Takaya TTorsade de pointes in an older patient with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy caused by licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism: A case report.Clin Case Rep.(2022 Jul)
  188. ^Chen H, Zhang X, Feng Y, Rui W, Shi Z, Wu LBioactive components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis mediate drug functions and properties through regulation of CYP450 enzymes.Mol Med Rep.(2014 Sep)
  189. ^Qiao X, Ji S, Yu SW, Lin XH, Jin HW, Duan YK, Zhang LR, Guo DA, Ye MIdentification of key licorice constituents which interact with cytochrome P450: evaluation by LC/MS/MS cocktail assay and metabolic profiling.AAPS J.(2014 Jan)
  190. ^Husain, I. et alA review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.)Food Front.(Aug 31, 2021)
Examine Database References
  1. Cortisol - Sigurjonsdottir HA, Manhem K, Axelson M, Wallerstedt SSubjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquoriceJ Hum Hypertens.(2003 Feb)
  2. Estrogen - Helga Agusta Sigurjonsdottir, Magnus Axelson, Gudmundur Johannsson, Karin Manhem, Ernst Nystrom, Sven WallerstedtLiquorice in moderate doses does not affect sex steroid hormones of biological importance although the effect differs between the gendersHorm Res.(2006)
  3. Body Fat - Bell ZW, Canale RE, Bloomer RJA dual investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation with licorice flavonoid oil on anthropometric and biochemical markers of health and adiposityLipids Health Dis.(2011 Feb 10)
  4. Testosterone - Armanini D, Bonanni G, Mattarello MJ, Fiore C, Sartorato P, Palermo MLicorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy manExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2003 Sep)
  5. Cortisol - Al-Dujaili EA, Kenyon CJ, Nicol MR, Mason JILiquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activityMol Cell Endocrinol.(2011 Apr 10)
  6. Testosterone - R A Josephs, J S Guinn, M L Harper, F AskariLiquorice consumption and salivary testosterone concentrationsLancet.(2001 Nov 10)
  7. Testosterone - Armanini D, Bonanni G, Palermo MReduction of serum testosterone in men by licoriceN Engl J Med.(1999 Oct 7)
  8. Testosterone - Mee Jung Mattarello, Stefano Benedini, Cristina Fiore, Valentina Camozzi, Paola Sartorato, Giovanni Luisetto, Decio ArmaniniEffect of licorice on PTH levels in healthy womenSteroids.(2006 May)
  9. LDL Oxidation - Carmeli E, Fogelman YAntioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidationToxicol Ind Health.(2009 May-Jun)
  10. Canker Sores Symptoms - Martin MD, Sherman J, van der Ven P, Burgess JA controlled trial of a dissolving oral patch concerning glycyrrhiza (licorice) herbal extract for the treatment of aphthous ulcersGen Dent.(2008 Mar-Apr)
  11. Luteinizing Hormone - Decio Armanini, Mee Jung Mattarello, Cristina Fiore, Guglielmo Bonanni, Carla Scaroni, Paola Sartorato, Mario PalermoLicorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy womenSteroids.(Oct-Nov 2004)
  12. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - B Fuhrman, S Buch, J Vaya, P A Belinky, R Coleman, T Hayek, M AviramLicorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient miceAm J Clin Nutr.(1997 Aug)
  13. Blood Pressure - Wu T, Yang J, Xia J, Sun GEffects of Licorice Functional Components Intakes on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and NETWORK Toxicology.Nutrients.(2024 Nov 2)
  14. Sore Throat Symptoms - Wang G, Qi Y, Wu L, Jiang GComparative Efficacy of 6 Topical Pharmacological Agents for Preventive Interventions of Postoperative Sore Throat After Tracheal Intubation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.Anesth Analg.(2021 Jul 1)
  15. Body Mass Index (BMI) - Hooshmandi H, Ghadiri-Anari A, Ranjbar AM, Fallahzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Nadjarzadeh AEffects of licorice extract in combination with a low-calorie diet on obesity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.J Ovarian Res.(2024 Jul 30)