2024-05-17 14:15:52
FAQ on the current legal status of NMN added, where we break down the convoluted path from legal dietary supplement to being pulled from the shelves of most retailers in the U.S.
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Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
•Last Updated: May 17, 2024
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a form of vitamin B3 taken to boost levels of NAD+ and for its purported anti-aging effects. Although NMN was formerly available as a supplement, classification of NMN in the U.S. as an investigational drug has reduced its availability to consumers in the U.S.[2]
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is most often used for
Last Updated:May 17, 2024
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B3 that may help slow aging and prevent age-related diseases by converting to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a crucial coenzyme whose levels decline with age. Although its anti-aging effects have been confirmed in rodents, research is still ongoing to assess its effect on humans.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a supplement that may increase NAD+ levels, and preliminary research suggests benefits such as improved physical ability in aging populations and better cardiovascular biomarkers. However, more extensive trials are necessary to confirm these effects in humans.
The main drawback of NMN is the lack of long-term studies in humans because its chronic safety and effects at higher doses remain untested. Although NMN has been shown to be safe in short-term studies, there are concerns that boosting NAD+ levels could potentially worsen chronic inflammation, although this has not been observed in human trials so far.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) acts as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), by helping to restore its levels in the body, which supports the function of NAD+-dependent enzymes involved in various biological processes. As NAD+ levels decline with age, supplemental NMN is hypothesized to potentially slow the aging process by enhancing the activity of these enzymes.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is currently in legal limbo in the U.S.; most retailers have halted sales of NMN supplements due to its classification as an investigational drug by the FDA, despite its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, which allows it to be sold as a food additive. The situation has evolved from NMN being granted GRAS status in 2018 to its effective ban on supplement sales after the FDA's change in stance later in 2022.
Note that Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is also known as:
- Beta-nicotinamide mononucleotidee
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide
- Nicotinamide ribotide
- NMN zwitterion
- Beta-NMN
- Nicotinamide nucleotide
- Beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide
- Nicotinamide ribonucleotide
- NMN
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide should not be confused with:
- Vitamin B3
- Niacinamide
- Nicotinamide riboside
NMN has been taken by mouth in doses of 250–1200 milligrams daily for 4–12 weeks. Higher doses of 2000 milligrams daily have been taken by mouth for 2 weeks.[1]
Research FeedRead all studies
2024-05-15 15:19:39
FAQs on the potential for NMN interactions with chronic inflammation and SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) added
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2024-04-09 00:30:03
Error in "potential mechanisms of drawbacks" FAQ
correction
Part of our answer for the original FAQ was based on a paper about nicotinamide (PMID: 25399625), not nicotinamide mononucleotide. This was an error on our part, and we have excluded it from the answer we provided.
Notably, PMID: 25399625 was a review paper on nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3 and close chemical cousin to nicotiamde mononucleotide. Although nicotinamide can induce acute liver toxicity in high doses, evidence to date in animal models indicates that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is well-tolerated by the liver, even at relatively high doses that far-exceed the amount commonly obtained through supplementation.[32]
Written By
2023-08-01 16:56:13
FAQ and database update
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We added newly published studies to our FAQs and database.
- ^Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar VThe efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.Geroscience.(2023-Feb)
- ^Yeager, PhilipLetter from FDA CFSAN to Inner Mongolia Kingdomway Pharmaceutical Limited regarding NDI 1259 - B-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)(2022-10-11)
- ^Palmer RD, Elnashar MM, Vaccarezza MPrecursor comparisons for the upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Novel approaches for better aging.Aging Med (Milton).(2021-Sep)
- ^Huang HA Multicentre, Randomised, Double Blind, Parallel Design, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Uthever (NMN Supplement), an Orally Administered Supplementation in Middle Aged and Older Adults.Front Aging.(2022)
- ^Alegre GFS, Pastore GMNAD+ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health.Curr Nutr Rep.(2023-Jun-05)
- ^Katayoshi T, Uehata S, Nakashima N, Nakajo T, Kitajima N, Kageyama M, Tsuji-Naito KNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Sci Rep.(2023-Feb-16)
- ^Nacarelli T, Lau L, Fukumoto T, Zundell J, Fatkhutdinov N, Wu S, Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV, Schultz D, Noma KI, Baur JA, Schug Z, Tang HY, Speicher DW, David G, Zhang RNAD(+) metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome.Nat Cell Biol.(2019 Mar)
- ^Poljsak BNAMPT-Mediated NAD Biosynthesis as the Internal Timing Mechanism: In NAD+ World, Time Is Running in Its Own Way.Rejuvenation Res.(2018-Jun)
- ^Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DATherapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence.Cell Metab.(2018-Mar-06)
- ^Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SINAD Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR.Cell Metab.(2018-Mar-06)
- ^Imai S, Guarente LNAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease.Trends Cell Biol.(2014-Aug)
- ^Imai SI, Guarente LIt takes two to tango: NAD and sirtuins in aging/longevity control.NPJ Aging Mech Dis.(2016)
- ^Mills KF, Yoshida S, Stein LR, Grozio A, Kubota S, Sasaki Y, Redpath P, Migaud ME, Apte RS, Uchida K, Yoshino J, Imai SILong-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in Mice.Cell Metab.(2016-Dec-13)
- ^Johnson S, Imai SINAD biosynthesis, aging, and disease.F1000Res.(2018)
- ^Nadeeshani H, Li J, Ying T, Zhang B, Lu JNicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) as an anti-aging health product - Promises and safety concerns.J Adv Res.(2022-Mar)
- ^Essuman K, Summers DW, Sasaki Y, Mao X, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt JThe SARM1 Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor Domain Possesses Intrinsic NAD Cleavage Activity that Promotes Pathological Axonal Degeneration.Neuron.(2017-Mar-22)
- ^Figley MD, Gu W, Nanson JD, Shi Y, Sasaki Y, Cunnea K, Malde AK, Jia X, Luo Z, Saikot FK, Mosaiab T, Masic V, Holt S, Hartley-Tassell L, McGuinness HY, Manik MK, Bosanac T, Landsberg MJ, Kerry PS, Mobli M, Hughes RO, Milbrandt J, Kobe B, DiAntonio A, Ve TSARM1 is a metabolic sensor activated by an increased NMN/NAD ratio to trigger axon degeneration.Neuron.(2021-Apr-07)
- ^Thomas J Waller, Catherine A CollinsAn NAD+/NMN balancing act by SARM1 and NMNAT2 controls axonal degenerationNeuron.(2021 Apr 7)
- ^Kimura N, Fukuwatari T, Sasaki R, Shibata KComparison of metabolic fates of nicotinamide, NAD+ and NADH administered orally and intraperitoneally; characterization of oral NADH.J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2006-Apr)
- ^Castro-Marrero J, Sáez-Francàs N, Segundo MJ, Calvo N, Faro M, Aliste L, Fernández de Sevilla T, Alegre JEffect of coenzyme Q10 plus nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide supplementation on maximum heart rate after exercise testing in chronic fatigue syndrome - A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial.Clin Nutr.(2016-Aug)
- ^Demarin V, Podobnik SS, Storga-Tomic D, Kay GTreatment of Alzheimer's disease with stabilized oral nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: a randomized, double-blind study.Drugs Exp Clin Res.(2004)
- ^Feery BJThe efficacy of vaccinial immune globulin. A 15-year study.Vox Sang.(1976)
- ^Song Q, Zhou X, Xu K, Liu S, Zhu X, Yang JThe Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update.Adv Nutr.(2023 Nov)
- ^Sano H, Kratz A, Nishino T, Imamura H, Yoshida Y, Shimizu N, Kitano H, Yachie ANicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) alleviates the poly(I:C)-induced inflammatory response in human primary cell cultures.Sci Rep.(2023 Jul 20)
- ^Campisi J, Andersen JK, Kapahi P, Melov SCellular senescence: a link between cancer and age-related degenerative disease?Semin Cancer Biol.(2011 Dec)
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- ^Chini C, Hogan KA, Warner GM, Tarragó MG, Peclat TR, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Chini EThe NADase CD38 is induced by factors secreted from senescent cells providing a potential link between senescence and age-related cellular NAD(+) decline.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.(2019 May 28)
- ^Chini CCS, Cordeiro HS, Tran NLK, Chini ENNAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging.Aging Cell.(2024 Jan)
- ^Chini CCS, Peclat TR, Warner GM, Kashyap S, Espindola-Netto JM, de Oliveira GC, Gomez LS, Hogan KA, Tarragó MG, Puranik AS, Agorrody G, Thompson KL, Dang K, Clarke S, Childs BG, Kanamori KS, Witte MA, Vidal P, Kirkland AL, De Cecco M, Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Jankowski C, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Sedivy JM, van Deursen JM, Baker DJ, van Schooten W, Rabinowitz JD, Baur JA, Chini ENCD38 ecto-enzyme in immune cells is induced during aging and regulates NAD(+) and NMN levels.Nat Metab.(2020 Nov)
- ^Ugamraj HS, Dang K, Ouisse LH, Buelow B, Chini EN, Castello G, Allison J, Clarke SC, Davison LM, Buelow R, Deng R, Iyer S, Schellenberger U, Manika SN, Bijpuria S, Musnier A, Poupon A, Cuturi MC, van Schooten W, Dalvi PTNB-738, a biparatopic antibody, boosts intracellular NAD+ by inhibiting CD38 ecto-enzyme activity.MAbs.(2022 Jan-Dec)
- ^Bagen Liao, Yunlong Zhao, Dan Wang, Xiaowen Zhang, Xuanming Hao, Min HuNicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind studyJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2021 Jul 8)
- Walking Ability - Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar VThe efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.Geroscience.(2023-Feb)
- Insulin Resistance - Huang HA Multicentre, Randomised, Double Blind, Parallel Design, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Uthever (NMN Supplement), an Orally Administered Supplementation in Middle Aged and Older Adults.Front Aging.(2022)
- Pulse Wave Velocity - Katayoshi T, Uehata S, Nakashima N, Nakajo T, Kitajima N, Kageyama M, Tsuji-Naito KNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Sci Rep.(2023-Feb-16)
- Anaerobic Capacity - Bagen Liao, Yunlong Zhao, Dan Wang, Xiaowen Zhang, Xuanming Hao, Min HuNicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind studyJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2021 Jul 8)
- Insulin Resistance - Mihoko Yoshino, Jun Yoshino, Brandon D Kayser, Gary J Patti, Michael P Franczyk, Kathryn F Mills, Miriam Sindelar, Terri Pietka, Bruce W Patterson, Shin-Ichiro Imai, Samuel KleinNicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic womenScience.(2021 Jun 11)
- Serum NAD+ Levels - Zhang J, Poon ET, Wong SHEfficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2024 Aug 8)
- Muscle Mass - Prokopidis K, Moriarty F, Bahat G, McLean J, Church DD, Patel HPThe Effect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Riboside on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle.(2025 Jun)