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Passionflower
•Last Updated: November 15, 2023
Passionflower is a woody, flowering vine used as a calming supplement for both anxiety and sleeping disorders. There are many different forms of the supplement, including tea, liquids, capsules, and tablets. It is generally well-tolerated with limited side effects.
Passionflower is most often used for
Last Updated:November 15, 2023
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a woody vine used for its calming and sedative properties, and its petals, leaves, and stems commonly found in various supplement forms. It is used globally for treating pain, insomnia, anxiety, and opioid dependence and is also an FDA-approved food additive for flavoring.
Passionflower is traditionally used for anxiety and insomnia due to its calming effects, and some studies indicate that it may reduce anxiety symptoms more effectively than oxazepam and placebo. However, clinical evidence is limited, and further research is needed to confirm its efficacy for these purposes.
Passionflower is generally well-tolerated but can cause side effects such as dizziness, confusion, drowsiness, nausea, and vomiting. In rare cases, it may lead to increased uterine contractions, heart rate, palpitations, and chest pain, and it should not be used during pregnancy.
Passionflower works by increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid, which decreases brain cell activity and produces calming effects. It also contains flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and indole alkaloids that may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, though further research is needed.
Note that Passionflower is also known as:
- Apricot vine
- Passiflora
- Passiflora incarnata
- Maypop
- Mburucuya
- Passion flower
The most effective dose and frequency for passionflower have yet to be established. Manufacturers frequently do not specify the purity and concentration of passionflower supplements, contributing to uncertainty regarding recommended strength, frequency, and dosing. There are currently no generally accepted dosage guidelines for passionflower. However, a range of dosing has been used in different clinical studies and may be used for reference. Dosing for capsules and tablets ranges from 500–1200 mg per day.[1][2][3] For liquid extracts, dosages typically range from 30–60 drops diluted in water per day.[4][5][6]
Additionally, one study using passionflower in the form of tea used a daily dosage of 2 grams of dried passionflower leaves steeped in hot water.[3] However, it's worth noting that the author acknowledged this as a relatively low dosage, and to achieve more significant benefits, the tea should have been consumed three times a day. This was not feasible due to the risk of daytime sedation.
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- ^Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar MPreoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Anesth Analg.(2008-Jun)
- ^Aslanargun P, Cuvas O, Dikmen B, Aslan E, Yuksel MUPassiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia.J Anesth.(2012-Feb)
- ^Ngan A, Conduit RA double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality.Phytother Res.(2011-Aug)
- ^Fahami F, Asali Z, Aslani A, Fathizadeh NA comparative study on the effects of Hypericum Perforatum and passion flower on the menopausal symptoms of women referring to Isfahan city health care centers.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res.(2010)
- ^Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani MPassionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam.J Clin Pharm Ther.(2001-Oct)
- ^Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Mobaseri M, Hosseini SH, Nikzad S, Khani MPassionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.J Clin Pharm Ther.(2001-Oct)
- ^Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma AAnxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata.Fitoterapia.(2001-Dec)
- ^Miroddi M, Calapai G, Navarra M, Minciullo PL, Gangemi SPassiflora incarnata L.: ethnopharmacology, clinical application, safety and evaluation of clinical trials.J Ethnopharmacol.(2013-Dec-12)
- ^Food and Drug AdministrationNatural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavorsU. S. Department of Health and Human Services.(2023)
- ^He X, Luan F, Yang Y, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Fang J, Wang M, Zuo M, Li Y: An Insight Into Current Researches on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology.Front Pharmacol.(2020)
- ^Nassiri-Asl M, Shariati-Rad S, Zamansoltani FAnticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors.BMC Complement Altern Med.(2007-Aug-08)
- ^Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FCEffects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal.(2017-Jan-01)
- ^Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, Sharifi A, Raisi FEffects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.Iran J Psychiatry.(2016-Jul)
- ^Baek JH, Nierenberg AA, Kinrys GClinical applications of herbal medicines for anxiety and insomnia; targeting patients with bipolar disorder.Aust N Z J Psychiatry.(2014-Aug)
- ^Rodriguez-Fragoso L, Reyes-Esparza J, Burchiel SW, Herrera-Ruiz D, Torres ERisks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.(2008-Feb-15)
- ^Farnsworth NR, Bingel AS, Cordell GA, Crane FA, Fong HHPotential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I.J Pharm Sci.(1975-Apr)
- ^Health Information: PassionflowerBethseda,MD: National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health.(August 2020)
- ^Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DGToxicity of Passiflora incarnata L.J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.(2000)
- ^Appel K, Rose T, Fiebich B, Kammler T, Hoffmann C, Weiss GModulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L.Phytother Res.(2011-Jun)
- ^Hamid HA, Ramli AN, Yusoff MMIndole Alkaloids from Plants as Potential Leads for Antidepressant Drugs: A Mini Review.Front Pharmacol.(2017)
- ^Akhondzadeh et alPassiflora incarnata in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents(2005)
- ^Andre Luis Dias Araujo Mazzari, Mariella Guimarães Lacerda, Flora Aparecida Milton, João Augusto Mulin Montechiari Machado, Simone Batista Pires Sinoti, Anne-Soulene Toullec, Patricia Marquez Rodrigues, Francisco de Assis Rocha Neves, Luiz Alberto Simeoni, Dâmaris Silveira, Jose Maria PrietoIn vitro effects of European and Latin-American medicinal plants in CYP3A4 gene expression, glutathione levels, and P-glycoprotein activityFront Pharmacol.(2022 Oct 5)
- ^Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, Potterat O, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HEConstituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2.Planta Med.(2022 Feb)
- ^Boll et alPassiflora incarnata treatment during gestation and lactation: toxicological and antioxidant evaluation in wistar damsBrazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.(2014-04)
- ^Zeynep Ozturk, Cigdem Colak KalayciPregnancy outcomes in psychiatric patients treated with passiflora incarnataComplement Ther Med.(2018 Feb)
- Anxiety Symptoms - da Cunha RS, Amorim KS, Gercina AC, de Oliveira ACA, Dos Santos Menezes L, Groppo FC, Souza LMAHerbal medicines as anxiolytics prior to third molar surgical extraction. A randomized controlled clinical trial.Clin Oral Investig.(2021-Mar)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FCEffects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal.(2017-Jan-01)
- Sleep Duration - Lee J, Jung HY, Lee SI, Choi JH, Kim SGEffects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.Int Clin Psychopharmacol.(2020-Jan)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, Sharifi A, Raisi FEffects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.Iran J Psychiatry.(2016-Jul)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani MPassionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam.J Clin Pharm Ther.(2001-Oct)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Aslanargun P, Cuvas O, Dikmen B, Aslan E, Yuksel MUPassiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia.J Anesth.(2012-Feb)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar MPreoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Anesth Analg.(2008-Jun)
- Sleep Quality - Ngan A, Conduit RA double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality.Phytother Res.(2011-Aug)
- Opioid dependence symptoms - Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Mobaseri M, Hosseini SH, Nikzad S, Khani MPassionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.J Clin Pharm Ther.(2001-Oct)