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Red Clover Extract
•Last Updated: September 21, 2023
Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a plant in the Fabaceae (legume) family that is a source of isoflavones with estrogen-like effects, similar to soy. Red clover has primarily been researched as a supplement in menopause and might reduce the frequency of hot flashes, but other menopause-related outcomes have been largely inconclusive.
Red Clover Extract is most often used for
Last Updated:September 21, 2023
Red clover (Trifolium pratense), a perennial legume, is found globally and is known for its traditional use in herbal medicine, particularly related to menopause. It contains isoflavones, such as biochanin A and formononetin, which are metabolized into genistein and daidzein in the body.
Red clover may help reduce hot flashes in postmenopausal women; a meta-analysis showed an average decrease of 1.7 hot flashes daily after 3 months of supplementation. Additionally, it may have minor effects on cholesterol levels and potential antioxidant properties, but further research is needed to confirm these benefits and their clinical relevance.
Red clover supplementation is generally safe for up to 3 years, and most trials showed minimal side effects compared to placebo; however, variability in the concentration of active compounds and individual differences in genetics and gut microbiomes can lead to inconsistent effects. Larger clinical trials are needed to better assess the risk of side effects.
Red clover works primarily through its isoflavones, which act as phytoestrogens that bind to estrogen receptors, particularly estrogen receptor beta, and potentially alleviate menopause symptoms caused by estrogen deficiency. Additionally, red clover contains other bioactive compounds that may contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, although their effects as a supplement are not well understood.
Note that Red Clover Extract is also known as:
- trifolium pratense
- biochanin A
- Formononetin Promensil (brand name)
- Menoflavon (brand name)
Red clover is usually dosed based on total isoflavone content, with 40–80 mg of isoflavones orally daily being the most commonly used dosing. Some research suggests that dosages of 80 mg daily may be more effective,[1][2] but further research is needed to validate this. Red clover can also be applied directly to the skin, but few studies have utilized this route.
Due to the nature of herbal medicines, different growing environments and extraction methods will lead to variations in both the concentration and relative abundances of the different isoflavones in red clover which can impact the effects it has on the body.[3][4][5] Therefore, the effects produced from a particular red clover formulation may not be seen with a different formulation. Accordingly, if a study fails to specify the isoflavone composition of the formulation used, it can be challenging to replicate its findings.
Some commercially made red clover extracts are available that contain standardized amounts of red clover isoflavones. The most-studied product is Promensil, which is considered equivalent to another standardized extract, Menoflavon. Both contain roughly 50% biochanin A, 35% formononetin, 3% genistein, and 1% daidzein.[6]
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2023-09-14 17:02:58
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We searched for new studies on red clover extract, analyzed them, and added their information to our FAQs and database.
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- ^Kanadys W, Barańska A, Błaszczuk A, Polz-Dacewicz M, Drop B, Kanecki K, Malm MEvaluation of Clinical Meaningfulness of Red Clover ( L.) Extract to Relieve Hot Flushes and Menopausal Symptoms in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2021-Apr-11)
- ^Shahmohammadi A, Ramezanpour N, Mahdavi Siuki M, Dizavandi F, Ghazanfarpour M, Rahmani Y, Tahajjodi R, Babakhanian MThe efficacy of herbal medicines on anxiety and depression in peri- and postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Post Reprod Health.(2019-Sep)
- ^Kazlauskaite JA, Ivanauskas L, Marksa M, Bernatoniene JThe Effect of Traditional and Cyclodextrin-Assisted Extraction Methods on L. (Red Clover) Extracts Antioxidant Potential.Antioxidants (Basel).(2022-Feb-21)
- ^Bolego C, Poli A, Cignarella A, Paoletti RPhytoestrogens: pharmacological and therapeutic perspectives.Curr Drug Targets.(2003-Jan)
- ^Piersen CE, Booth NL, Sun Y, Liang W, Burdette JE, van Breemen RB, Geller SE, Gu C, Banuvar S, Shulman LP, Bolton JL, Farnsworth NRChemical and biological characterization and clinical evaluation of botanical dietary supplements: a phase I red clover extract as a model.Curr Med Chem.(2004-Jun)
- ^Myers SP, Vigar VEffects of a standardised extract of Trifolium pratense (Promensil) at a dosage of 80mg in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.(2017-Jan-15)
- ^Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira LEffects of red clover on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women's blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis.Climacteric.(2018-Oct)
- ^Kolodziejczyk-Czepas JTrifolium species - the latest findings on chemical profile, ethnomedicinal use and pharmacological properties.J Pharm Pharmacol.(2016-Jul)
- ^Krenn L, Unterrieder I, Ruprechter RQuantification of isoflavones in red clover by high-performance liquid chromatography.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2002-Sep-25)
- ^Howes J, Waring M, Huang L, Howes LGLong-term pharmacokinetics of an extract of isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense).J Altern Complement Med.(2002-Apr)
- ^Błaszczuk A, Barańska A, Kanadys W, Malm M, Jach ME, Religioni U, Wróbel R, Herda J, Polz-Dacewicz MRole of Phytoestrogen-Rich Bioactive Substances ( L., L., L.) in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2022-Jun-14)
- ^Ghazanfarpour M, Sadeghi R, Roudsari RL, Khorsand I, Khadivzadeh T, Muoio BRed clover for treatment of hot flashes and menopausal symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Obstet Gynaecol.(2016)
- ^Zhang H, Zhao J, Shang H, Guo Y, Chen SExtraction, purification, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides.Int J Biol Macromol.(2020-Apr-01)
- ^Khorasani Esmaeili A, Mat Taha R, Mohajer S, Banisalam BAntioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro Grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover).Biomed Res Int.(2015)
- ^Hanganu, A., et al.POLYPHENOLIC PROFILE AND ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES FROM TWO TRIFOLIUM SPECIESFarmacia.(2017 Jun)
- ^Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Visvalingam S, Fulcher GR, Byth K, Baber RRed clover isoflavones enriched with formononetin lower serum LDL cholesterol-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2015-Jan)
- ^Powles TJ, Howell A, Evans DG, McCloskey EV, Ashley S, Greenhalgh R, Affen J, Flook LA, Tidy ARed clover isoflavones are safe and well tolerated in women with a family history of breast cancerMenopause Int.(2008 Mar)
- ^Chen MN, Lin CC, Liu CFEfficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic reviewClimacteric.(2015 Apr)
- ^Védrine N, Mathey J, Morand C, Brandolini M, Davicco MJ, Guy L, Rémésy C, Coxam V, Manach COne-month exposure to soy isoflavones did not induce the ability to produce equol in postmenopausal women.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2006-Sep)
- ^Escande A, Pillon A, Servant N, Cravedi JP, Larrea F, Muhn P, Nicolas JC, Cavaillès V, Balaguer PEvaluation of ligand selectivity using reporter cell lines stably expressing estrogen receptor alpha or beta.Biochem Pharmacol.(2006-May-14)
- ^Jiang Y, Gong P, Madak-Erdogan Z, Martin T, Jeyakumar M, Carlson K, Khan I, Smillie TJ, Chittiboyina AG, Rotte SC, Helferich WG, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BSMechanisms enforcing the estrogen receptor β selectivity of botanical estrogensFASEB J.(2013 Nov)
- ^Sabudak T, Guler NTrifolium L.--a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile.Phytother Res.(2009-Mar)
- ^Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Nowak P, Moniuszko-Szajwaj B, Kowalska I, Stochmal AFree radical scavenging actions of three Trifolium species in the protection of blood plasma antioxidant capacity in vitro.Pharm Biol.(2015)
- ^Okochi M, Kenjo A, Asai E, Ueda K, Gotoh MTwo-step hepatic artery reconstruction for a hepatic artery lacking in length for the use of a microclamp in living donor liver transplantation.Int J Surg Case Rep.(2016)
- ^Katharine E Reed, Juliana Camargo, Jill Hamilton-Reeves, Mindy Kurzer, Mark MessinaNeither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: An expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studiesReprod Toxicol.(2021 Mar)
- ^Song D, He H, Indukuri R, Huang Z, Stepanauskaite L, Sinha I, Haldosén LA, Zhao C, Williams CERα and ERβ Homodimers in the Same Cellular Context Regulate Distinct Transcriptomes and Functions.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).(2022)
- ^Atkinson C, Warren RM, Sala E, Dowsett M, Dunning AM, Healey CS, Runswick S, Day NE, Bingham SARed-clover-derived isoflavones and mammographic breast density: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial ISRCTN42940165Breast Cancer Res.(2004)
- ^Fritz H, Seely D, Flower G, Skidmore B, Fernandes R, Vadeboncoeur S, Kennedy D, Cooley K, Wong R, Sagar S, Sabri E, Fergusson DSoy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review.PLoS One.(2013)
- ^Hooper L, Madhavan G, Tice JA, Leinster SJ, Cassidy AEffects of isoflavones on breast density in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsHum Reprod Update.(2010 Nov-Dec)
- ^Imhof M, Gocan A, Reithmayr F, Lipovac M, Schimitzek C, Chedraui P, Huber JEffects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal womenMaturitas.(2006 Aug 20)
- ^Clifton-Bligh PB, Baber RJ, Fulcher GR, Nery ML, Moreton TThe effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (Rimostil) on lipid and bone metabolismMenopause.(2001 Jul-Aug)
- ^Baber RJ, Templeman C, Morton T, Kelly GE, West LRandomized placebo-controlled trial of an isoflavone supplement and menopausal symptoms in womenClimacteric.(1999 Jun)
- ^Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB, Banuvar S, Zhou Y, Epstein G, Hedayat S, Nikolic D, Krause EC, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NRSafety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trialMenopause.(2009 Nov-Dec)
- ^Hale GE, Hughes CL, Robboy SJ, Agarwal SK, Bievre MA double-blind randomized study on the effects of red clover isoflavones on the endometrium.Menopause.(2001 Sep-Oct)
- ^Burdette JE, Liu J, Lantvit D, Lim E, Booth N, Bhat KP, Hedayat S, Van Breemen RB, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JLTrifolium pratense (red clover) exhibits estrogenic effects in vivo in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats.J Nutr.(2002 Jan)
- ^Wolff LP, Martins MR, Bedone AJ, Monteiro IMEndometrial evaluation in menopausal women after six months of isoflavones.Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992).(2006 Nov-Dec)
- ^Ferraris C, Ballestra B, Listorti C, Cappelletti V, Reduzzi C, Scaperrotta GP, Pulice I, Ferrari EGA, Folli S, Mariani L, Martelli GRed clover and lifestyle changes to contrast menopausal symptoms in premenopausal patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer receiving tamoxifen.Breast Cancer Res Treat.(2020 Feb)
- ^Orr A, Parker RRed clover causing symptoms suggestive of methotrexate toxicity in a patient on high-dose methotrexate.Menopause Int.(2013 Sep)
- ^Awortwe C, Makiwane M, Reuter H, Muller C, Louw J, Rosenkranz BCritical evaluation of causality assessment of herb-drug interactions in patients.Br J Clin Pharmacol.(2018 Apr)
- ^Zhang S, Sagawa K, Arnold RD, Tseng E, Wang X, Morris MEInteractions between the flavonoid biochanin A and P-glycoprotein substrates in rats: in vitro and in vivo.J Pharm Sci.(2010 Jan)
- ^Peng SX, Ritchie DM, Cousineau M, Danser E, Dewire R, Floden JAltered oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of P-glycoprotein substrates by coadministration of biochanin A.J Pharm Sci.(2006 Sep)
- ^Li J, Liu Y, Yu X, Zhang J, Gu J, Zhao LReduced Oral Bioavailability and Altered Pharmacokinetics of Saquinavir by Co-administration with Biochanin A in Rats.Drug Res (Stuttg).(2016 Sep)
- ^Srinivas NRBiochanin a: understanding the complexities in the paradoxical drug-drug interaction potential.Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.(2015 Jun)
- ^Wang X, Wolkoff AW, Morris MEFlavonoids as a novel class of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP1B1 (OATP-C) modulators.Drug Metab Dispos.(2005 Nov)
- ^Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown JPhytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.(2013 Dec 10)
- ^Arora S, Taneja I, Challagundla M, Raju KS, Singh SP, Wahajuddin MIn vivo prediction of CYP-mediated metabolic interaction potential of formononetin and biochanin A using in vitro human and rat CYP450 inhibition data.Toxicol Lett.(2015 Nov 19)
- ^Unger M, Frank ASimultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction.Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.(2004)
- ^Chen L, Choi J, Leonard SW, Banuvar S, Barengolts E, Viana M, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Bolton JL, van Breemen RBNo Clinically Relevant Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Red Clover Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Women.J Agric Food Chem.(2020 Nov 25)
- ^Kopečná-Zapletalová M, Krasulová K, Anzenbacher P, Hodek P, Anzenbacherová EInteraction of isoflavonoids with human liver microsomal cytochromes P450: inhibition of CYP enzyme activities.Xenobiotica.(2017 Apr)
- ^Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JTAn in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures.Phytomedicine.(2000 Jul)
- ^Sato Y, Sasaki T, Takahashi S, Kumagai T, Nagata KDevelopment of a highly reproducible system to evaluate inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity by natural medicines.J Pharm Pharm Sci.(2015)
- ^Wang SW, Chen Y, Joseph T, Hu MVariable isoflavone content of red clover products affects intestinal disposition of biochanin A, formononetin, genistein, and daidzein.J Altern Complement Med.(2008 Apr)
- ^Warren G Foster, Siu Chan, Lawrence Platt, Claude L Hughes JrDetection of phytoestrogens in samples of second trimester human amniotic fluidToxicol Lett.(2002 Mar 28)
- ^Jarrell J, Foster WG, Kinniburgh DWPhytoestrogens in human pregnancy.Obstet Gynecol Int.(2012)
- ^Gartoulla P, Han MMRed clover extract for alleviating hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis.Maturitas.(2014 Sep)
- ^Booth NL, Piersen CE, Banuvar S, Geller SE, Shulman LP, Farnsworth NRClinical studies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: a literature review.Menopause.(2006 Mar-Apr)
- ^Ingram DM, Hickling C, West L, Mahe LJ, Dunbar PMA double-blind randomized controlled trial of isoflavones in the treatment of cyclical mastalgia.Breast.(2002 Apr)
- IGF-1 - Vrieling A, Rookus MA, Kampman E, Bonfrer JM, Bosma A, Cats A, van Doorn J, Korse CM, Witteman BJ, van Leeuwen FE, van't Veer LJ, Voskuil DWNo effect of red clover-derived isoflavone intervention on the insulin-like growth factor system in women at increased risk of colorectal cancerCancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.(2008 Oct)
- IGF-1 - Vrieling A, Rookus MA, Kampman E, Bonfrer JM, Korse CM, van Doorn J, Lampe JW, Cats A, Witteman BJ, van Leeuwen FE, van't Veer LJ, Voskuil DWIsolated isoflavones do not affect the circulating insulin-like growth factor system in men at increased colorectal cancer riskJ Nutr.(2007 Feb)
- Menopausal Symptoms - Atkinson C, Warren RM, Sala E, Dowsett M, Dunning AM, Healey CS, Runswick S, Day NE, Bingham SARed-clover-derived isoflavones and mammographic breast density: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial ISRCTN42940165Breast Cancer Res.(2004)
- Plasminogen Inhibitor-1 - Atkinson C, Oosthuizen W, Scollen S, Loktionov A, Day NE, Bingham SAModest protective effects of isoflavones from a red clover-derived dietary supplement on cardiovascular disease risk factors in perimenopausal women, and evidence of an interaction with ApoE genotype in 49-65 year-old womenJ Nutr.(2004 Jul)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Blakesmith SJ, Lyons-Wall PM, George C, Joannou GE, Petocz P, Samman SEffects of supplementation with purified red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones on plasma lipids and insulin resistance in healthy premenopausal womenBr J Nutr.(2003 Apr)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Campbell MJ, Woodside JV, Honour JW, Morton MS, Leathem AJEffect of red clover-derived isoflavone supplementation on insulin-like growth factor, lipid and antioxidant status in healthy female volunteers: a pilot studyEur J Clin Nutr.(2004 Jan)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Howes JB, Tran D, Brillante D, Howes LGEffects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in postmenopausal type 2 diabetesDiabetes Obes Metab.(2003 Sep)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Nestel PJ, Pomeroy S, Kay S, Komesaroff P, Behrsing J, Cameron JD, West LIsoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal womenJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(1999 Mar)
- Blood Pressure - Teede HJ, McGrath BP, DeSilva L, Cehun M, Fassoulakis A, Nestel PJIsoflavones reduce arterial stiffness: a placebo-controlled study in men and postmenopausal womenArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.(2003 Jun 1)
- Total cholesterol - Powles TJ, Howell A, Evans DG, McCloskey EV, Ashley S, Greenhalgh R, Affen J, Flook LA, Tidy ARed clover isoflavones are safe and well tolerated in women with a family history of breast cancerMenopause Int.(2008 Mar)
- Homocysteine - Samman S, Koh HS, Flood VM, Blakesmith SJ, Petocz P, Lyons-Wall PMRed clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones and serum homocysteine in premenopausal women: a pilot studyJ Womens Health (Larchmt).(2009 Nov)
- Testosterone - Lee CC, Bloem CJ, Kasa-Vubu JZ, Liang LJEffect of oral phytoestrogen on androgenicity and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal womenDiabetes Obes Metab.(2012 Apr)
- Memory - Howes JB, Bray K, Lorenz L, Smerdely P, Howes LGThe effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on cognitive function in postmenopausal womenClimacteric.(2004 Mar)
- Skin Quality - Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Kurz C, Neuber B, Imhof MEffect of Red Clover Isoflavones over Skin, Appendages, and Mucosal Status in Postmenopausal WomenObstet Gynecol Int.(2011)
- Weight - Howes JB, Sullivan D, Lai N, Nestel P, Pomeroy S, West L, Eden JA, Howes LGThe effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on the lipoprotein profiles of post menopausal women with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemiaAtherosclerosis.(2000 Sep)
- Weight - Baber RJ, Templeman C, Morton T, Kelly GE, West LRandomized placebo-controlled trial of an isoflavone supplement and menopausal symptoms in womenClimacteric.(1999 Jun)
- Weight - Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, San Miguel GThe effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyGynecol Endocrinol.(2005 Nov)
- Weight - Terzic MM, Dotlic J, Maricic S, Mihailovic T, Tosic-Race BInfluence of red clover-derived isoflavones on serum lipid profile in postmenopausal womenJ Obstet Gynaecol Res.(2009 Dec)
- Testosterone - Imhof M, Gocan A, Reithmayr F, Lipovac M, Schimitzek C, Chedraui P, Huber JEffects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal womenMaturitas.(2006 Aug 20)
- Sex Hormone Binding Globulin - Knight DC, Howes JB, Eden JAThe effect of Promensil, an isoflavone extract, on menopausal symptomsClimacteric.(1999 Jun)
- Menopausal Symptoms - Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Kurz C, Neuber B, Imhof MThe effect of red clover isoflavone supplementation over vasomotor and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal womenGynecol Endocrinol.(2012 Mar)
- Menopausal Symptoms - del Giorno C, Fonseca AM, Bagnoli VR, Assis JS, Soares JM Jr, Baracat ECEffects of Trifolium pratense on the climacteric and sexual symptoms in postmenopause womenRev Assoc Med Bras.(2010 Sep-Oct)
- Menopausal Symptoms - van de Weijer PH, Barentsen RIsoflavones from red clover (Promensil) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placeboMaturitas.(2002 Jul 25)
- Menopausal Symptoms - Ehsanpour S, Salehi K, Zolfaghari B, Bakhtiari SThe effects of red clover on quality of life in post-menopausal womenIran J Nurs Midwifery Res.(2012 Jan)
- Total cholesterol - Schult TM, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Ettinger B, Wallace R, Tice JAEffect of isoflavones on lipids and bone turnover markers in menopausal womenMaturitas.(2004 Jul 15)
- Total cholesterol - Błaszczuk A, Barańska A, Kanadys W, Malm M, Jach ME, Religioni U, Wróbel R, Herda J, Polz-Dacewicz MRole of Phytoestrogen-Rich Bioactive Substances ( L., L., L.) in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2022-Jun-14)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB, Banuvar S, Zhou Y, Epstein G, Hedayat S, Nikolic D, Krause EC, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NRSafety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trialMenopause.(2009 Nov-Dec)
- Anxiety Symptoms - Lipovac M, Chedraui P, Gruenhut C, Gocan A, Stammler M, Imhof MImprovement of postmenopausal depressive and anxiety symptoms after treatment with isoflavones derived from red clover extractsMaturitas.(2010 Mar)
- Hot Flash Symptoms - Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K, Wallace R, Blackwell T, Cummings SRPhytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2003 Jul 9)
- Hot Flash Symptoms - Myers SP, Vigar VEffects of a standardised extract of Trifolium pratense (Promensil) at a dosage of 80mg in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.(2017-Jan-15)
- Hot Flash Symptoms - Kanadys W, Barańska A, Błaszczuk A, Polz-Dacewicz M, Drop B, Kanecki K, Malm MEvaluation of Clinical Meaningfulness of Red Clover ( L.) Extract to Relieve Hot Flushes and Menopausal Symptoms in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Nutrients.(2021-Apr-11)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Chedraui P, San Miguel G, Hidalgo L, Morocho N, Ross SEffect of Trifolium pratense-derived isoflavones on the lipid profile of postmenopausal women with increased body mass indexGynecol Endocrinol.(2008 Nov)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Nestel P, Cehun M, Chronopoulos A, DaSilva L, Teede H, McGrath BA biochanin-enriched isoflavone from red clover lowers LDL cholesterol in menEur J Clin Nutr.(2004 Mar)
- Weight - Atkinson C, Compston JE, Day NE, Dowsett M, Bingham SAThe effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr.(2004 Feb)
- Bone Mineral Density - Clifton-Bligh PB, Baber RJ, Fulcher GR, Nery ML, Moreton TThe effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (Rimostil) on lipid and bone metabolismMenopause.(2001 Jul-Aug)
- Testosterone - Katharine E Reed, Juliana Camargo, Jill Hamilton-Reeves, Mindy Kurzer, Mark MessinaNeither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: An expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studiesReprod Toxicol.(2021 Mar)
- Sexual Function - Sha'ari N, Woon LS, Sidi H, Das S, Bousman CA, Mohamed Saini SBeneficial effects of natural products on female sexual dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.(2021-Dec)