Soy Isoflavones Research Analysis

Q: What are soy isoflavones?

Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens that are commonly found in soy products (e.g., soybeans) but also in small amounts in other fruit and vegetables, especially legumes. The two most abundant types of soy isoflavones in soy products are called genistein and daidzein. The concentrations of each vary depending on the type of product and its processing; for example, fermented soy products might have higher concentrations than raw soy beans.[7] They are structurally similar to the hormone estrogen and so can bind to estrogen receptors. Depending on the type of estrogen receptor and the type of tissue involved, they can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects.[1]

Q: What are the main benefits of soy isoflavones?

Soy isoflavones are reported to have multiple health benefits, but the benefits for cardiovascular health are the most well-known. A higher dietary intake of soy isoflavones has been associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke, improved endothelial function, and a lower cardiovascular disease risk.[8][9][10][11][12] The list of other potential benefits — including bone health, menopause symptoms, anticancer properties, and metabolic health — has less evidence to support them. It seems likely that they can have an effect on estrogen-related processes; however, the benefits in human trials have not been clinically significant in most cases.[13][1][14][15]

Q: How do soy isoflavones work?

Soy isoflavones are similar (but not identical) in structure to the hormone estrogen. This structure allows them to bind to estrogen receptors in the body, resulting in either estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects, depending on where they bind.[16] In particular, soy isoflavones bind to estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) more readily than to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). ERβ is involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell differentiation and is thought to oppose the cell proliferation effects of ERα (in other words, soy isoflavones can function as ERα antagonists).[14] This is particularly relevant when it comes to hormone-related cancers; see Can soy isoflavones be used to prevent or treat breast cancer?. Other proposed mechanisms that are independent of estrogen include tyrosine kinase inhibition and antioxidant activity.[16] Tyrosine kinase is important for cell growth and proliferation, and so inhibiting it could contribute to anticancer effects, while antioxidant activity could reduce inflammation.

Q: Can soy isoflavones improve menopause symptoms?

Because soy isoflavones have a structure similar to estrogen, they can bind to estrogen receptors and have similar effects. A meta-analysis suggested that adding soy foods to the diet reduced the frequency of hot flushes in postmenopausal women.[17] Soy isoflavones may also help mitigate the increased risk of cardiovascular disease that is associated with menopause.[6][5] Soy isoflavones had similar effects on hot flushes and vaginal dryness as hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) but did not improve the overall menopause rating scale (MRS).[18][19] Another study that used self-reporting of the MRS found some improvement in sleep disturbances as well.[20] This suggests that soy isoflavones did not improve many of the other symptoms of menopause that HRT can improve, such as anxiety, irritability, depression, exhaustion, and joint pain.[18][19] Although several studies support the use of soy isoflavones as a treatment for the symptoms of menopause, there is high heterogeneity between these studies, likely due to a variety of study designs, dosages studied, and reported outcomes. Because of this, they are not yet recommended as a stand-alone treatment option for menopause symptoms.

Q: Can soy isoflavones lower cholesterol?

Although soy protein appears to reduce LDL cholesterol by 4.3% on average,[3] the contribution to this effect from the soy isoflavones is unknown.[21][22] A meta-analysis did find that soy isoflavones reduced LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol in people with high cholesterol. However, soy protein had a similar effect.[23] A 2008 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that soy isoflavones did not improve LDL cholesterol levels in women with normal cholesterol.[24] The evidence remains uncertain, and more research is needed before soy isoflavones can be recommended as a cholesterol-lowering agent.

Q: Can soy isoflavones be used to prevent or treat breast cancer?

Because soy and soy isoflavones have estrogen-like properties, they could affect breast cancer risk and recurrence. The evidence to date seems to support this. A 2020 meta-analysis found that increased soy intake was associated with a significantly lower risk of breast cancer, but they did not measure soy isoflavone intake specifically, and so this benefit could be a result of any of the compounds found in soy products.[15] Increased dietary soy was also found to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence in women who were using cancer treatments such as tamoxifen, which work by blocking the effects of estrogen.[25][26] However, there are some studies that found no association between breast cancer risk in relation to dietary soy intake.[27][28][29] Because soy isoflavones work by preferentially binding to estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), they could slow down the growth of certain types of cancer. However, there are some types of breast cancer that are more sensitive to the effects of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and in these cases, soy isoflavones could speed up the growth of cancer cells.[13] The risks and benefits of soy isoflavone use for breast cancer prevention and treatment remain unclear, but soy products in dietary amounts are unlikely to result in any significant change in breast cancer risk. Caution is warranted when using higher concentrations of soy isoflavones in supplements.[30][31][32][29] Most of these studies use food diaries to measure soy intake, so the exact soy isoflavone intake is sometimes not measured, and the results are heterogeneous. The current evidence is promising, but more research is needed before soy isoflavones can be recommended to treat or prevent breast cancer.

Q: Can soy isoflavones improve gut health?

There are multiple potential ways that soy isoflavones could improve gut health. Studies done in mice have found that soy isoflavones can improve gut motility, the secretory function of the intestine, and the integrity of the endothelial barrier.[33] In in vitro studies, they have been shown to promote the growth of certain types of probiotic microbes.[34] Other studies found that soy isoflavones did not influence the composition of the gut microbiota.[35] The potential benefits of soy isoflavones for gut health in humans have not been clearly shown in clinical trials.

Q: Can soy isoflavones improve bone health?

Soy isoflavones could have an effect on bone density, particularly in postmenopausal women. Meta-analyses have found that soy isoflavones increased markers of bone formation in postmenopausal women,[2][36] and a study that followed up with the participants after 3 years of treatment with genistein found that it could improve bone mineral density in osteopenic postmenopausal women.[37] These effects are most pronounced if soy isoflavones are taken earlier in menopause, and the effects are diminished if started later in menopause. There is no substantial evidence that soy isoflavones play a role in bone health in premenopausal women or in men. While more clinical trials are needed to assess the appropriate timing and dosage and the clinical relevance of the effect soy isoflavones have on bone density, incorporating soy foods into the diet may be worthwhile for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.[38][39]

Q: Can soy isoflavones treat type 2 diabetes?

Studies done on rats found that supplementing with soy isoflavones (specifically genistein) increased insulin levels and lowered HbA1c in diabetic rats.[40][41] A study in monkeys found that consuming soy protein high in soy isoflavones increased the insulin response to glucose.[42] In human studies, supplementing with soy and soy isoflavones also seemed to improve insulin sensitivity, lowered HbA1c, and improved fasting insulin.[43][44] Although these results are promising, the changes in insulin and HbA1c levels were small, and the studies involved people with type 2 diabetes who were already taking antidiabetic medications. Further research into the appropriate dosage and the clinical relevance of the effect on insulin sensitivity is needed.

Q: What effect does equol have on the benefits of soy isoflavones?

Equol is another type of soy isoflavone and is produced through the metabolism of daidzein by gut bacteria. It is thought to have strong antioxidant, estrogenic, and antiestrogenic effects and might be more beneficial than daidzein and genistein. However, some people are not able to produce equol, possibly due to the composition of their gut microbiome. Because of this, people who are “equol-producers” are likely to experience more benefit from soy isoflavone intake than people who are “nonequol-producers”.[45][46]

Megan Michaux

Soy Isoflavones

•Last Updated: May 15, 2025

Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and are found mainly in soy products. They appear to have some benefits for cardiovascular health and menopause symptoms. They have a similar structure to estrogen but can be both estrogenic and antiestrogenic.

Dosage

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Soy Isoflavones is most often used for

Megan Michaux, MD

Giulia Guerrini, MPharm

•

Conni Covington

Last Updated:May 15, 2025

Dosage Information
Examine Database
Research feed
Frequently asked questions
Update History
Research breakdown
References

What are soy isoflavones?

What are the main benefits of soy isoflavones?

Can soy isoflavones improve menopause symptoms?

Can soy isoflavones lower cholesterol?

Can soy isoflavones be used to prevent or treat breast cancer?

Can soy isoflavones improve gut health?

Can soy isoflavones improve bone health?

Can soy isoflavones treat type 2 diabetes?

How do soy isoflavones work?

What effect does equol have on the benefits of soy isoflavones?

What are other names for Soy Isoflavones?

Note that Soy Isoflavones is also known as:

Genistein
Genistin
Dadzein
Daidzin
Glycitein
Glycitin

Soy Isoflavones should not be confused with:

Dosage information

Formulation:

Soy isoflavones can be taken as pills or as powdered supplements, but they are also found naturally in soy products like tofu that can be added into the diet to increase their intake.

Range of dosages studied:

Dosages range widely in studies, from about 25 milligrams to 300 milligrams per day of isolated soy isoflavones. ^[1]^[2]

Effective Dosages:

High cholesterol

General: 25 milligrams per day of soy protein could lower LDL cholesterol. It remains unclear whether the isoflavones contribute to this effect.^[3]^[4]

Cardiovascular health

Postmenopausal women: In women with impaired endothelial function, a dosage of 50 to 100 milligrams per day could improve coronary blood flow.^[3]^[5]^[6]

Bone health

Postmenopausal women: In perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, a dosage of 50 to 100 milligrams per day may have a small clinical effect on bone density.^[2]

Other considerations:

These dosages are based on limited evidence, and more clinical trials are needed to find the ideal doses and timing and to assess whether any benefit is clinically meaningful.

It’s also worth noting that some studies quantify the intake of soy isoflavones based on the intake of soy products in the diet; for example, food diaries that mention eating 200 grams of tofu twice per week. Since these studies do not directly measure soy isoflavone intake, the dosages they mention are not always accurate.

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Update History

17 days ago

All new FAQs were added to this page.
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We added all new FAQs to this page:

What are soy isoflavones?: We added this new FAQ to describe the structure of soy isoflavones.

What are the main benefits of soy isoflavones?: This FAQ includes multiple additional FAQs regarding the benefits of soy isoflavones. We discuss cardiovascular health, breast cancer, menopause, bone health, and metabolic health and how soy isoflavones might play a small role in improving these conditions.

How do soy isoflavones work?: This new FAQ describes the potential ways soy isoflavones work and includes their estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and possible antioxidant functions.

Written By

Megan Michaux

Edited By

Conni Covington

Reviewed By

Giulia Guerrini

Research Breakdown

🚧 Under Renovation 🚧

The information in this section is slated for renovation — it will soon be transformed into a more usable (and readable!) form in the coming months. As such, the text in this section may be out of date and not up to Examine’s current standards for writing style.

References

^Nakai S, Fujita M, Kamei YHealth Promotion Effects of Soy Isoflavones.J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2020)
^Wiesław Kanadys, Agnieszka Barańska, Agata Błaszczuk, Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz, Bartłomiej Drop, Maria Malm, Krzysztof KaneckiEffects of Soy Isoflavones on Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsInt J Environ Res Public Health.(2021 May 17)
^Jenkins DJ, Mirrahimi A, Srichaikul K, Berryman CE, Wang L, Carleton A, Abdulnour S, Sievenpiper JL, Kendall CW, Kris-Etherton PMSoy protein reduces serum cholesterol by both intrinsic and food displacement mechanismsJ Nutr.(2010 Dec)
^Food labeling: health claims; soy protein and coronary heart disease. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule.Fed Regist.(1999 Oct 26)
^Li SH, Liu XX, Bai YY, Wang XJ, Sun K, Chen JZ, Hui RTEffect of oral isoflavone supplementation on vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2010 Feb)
^Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Kono N, Azen SP, Shoupe D, Hwang-Levine J, Petitti D, Whitfield-Maxwell L, Yan M, Franke AA, Selzer RH, Women's Isoflavone Soy Health Research GroupIsoflavone soy protein supplementation and atherosclerosis progression in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.Stroke.(2011 Nov)
^Liggins J, Bluck LJ, Runswick S, Atkinson C, Coward WA, Bingham SADaidzein and genistein contents of vegetables.Br J Nutr.(2000 Nov)
^Yu D, Shu XO, Li H, Yang G, Cai Q, Xiang YB, Ji BT, Franke AA, Gao YT, Zheng W, Zhang XDietary isoflavones, urinary isoflavonoids, and risk of ischemic stroke in women.Am J Clin Nutr.(2015 Sep)
^Kokubo Y, Iso H, Ishihara J, Okada K, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study GroupAssociation of dietary intake of soy, beans, and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese populations: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I.Circulation.(2007 Nov 27)
^Nagata C, Wada K, Tamura T, Konishi K, Goto Y, Koda S, Kawachi T, Tsuji M, Nakamura KDietary soy and natto intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese adults: the Takayama study.Am J Clin Nutr.(2017 Feb)
^Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Morabito N, Crisafulli A, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Campo GM, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Squadrito GThe effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women.Atherosclerosis.(2002 Aug)
^Zaheer K, Humayoun Akhtar MAn updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human healthCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2017 Apr 13)
^McCarty MFIsoflavones made simple - genistein's agonist activity for the beta-type estrogen receptor mediates their health benefits.Med Hypotheses.(2006)
^Paterni I, Granchi C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Minutolo FEstrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ): subtype-selective ligands and clinical potential.Steroids.(2014 Nov)
^Ioannis Boutas, Adamantia Kontogeorgi, Constantine Dimitrakakis, Sophia N KalantaridouSoy Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysisIn Vivo.(Mar-Apr 2022)
^Barnes S, Boersma B, Patel R, Kirk M, Darley-Usmar VM, Kim H, Xu JIsoflavonoids and chronic disease: mechanisms of action.Biofactors.(2000)
^Chen MN, Lin CC, Liu CFEfficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic reviewClimacteric.(2015 Apr)
^Carmignani LO, Pedro AO, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AMThe effect of dietary soy supplementation compared to estrogen and placebo on menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.Maturitas.(2010 Nov)
^Crisafulli A, Marini H, Bitto A, Altavilla D, Squadrito G, Romeo A, Adamo EB, Marini R, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Bartolone S, Frisina N, Squadrito FEffects of genistein on hot flushes in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind EPT- and placebo-controlled study.Menopause.(2004 Jul-Aug)
^Khapre S, Deshmukh U, Jain SThe Impact of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on the Menopausal Symptoms in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.J Midlife Health.(2022 Apr-Jun)
^Zhan S, Ho SCMeta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profileAm J Clin Nutr.(2005 Feb)
^Demonty I, Lamarche B, Jones PJRole of isoflavones in the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy.Nutr Rev.(2003 Jun)
^Taku K, Umegaki K, Sato Y, Taki Y, Endoh K, Watanabe SSoy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Apr)
^Taku K, Umegaki K, Ishimi Y, Watanabe SEffects of extracted soy isoflavones alone on blood total and LDL cholesterol: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Ther Clin Risk Manag.(2008 Oct)
^Kang X, Zhang Q, Wang S, Huang X, Jin SEffect of soy isoflavones on breast cancer recurrence and death for patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy.CMAJ.(2010 Nov 23)
^Guha N, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weltzien EK, Castillo AL, Caan BJSoy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study.Breast Cancer Res Treat.(2009 Nov)
^Hedelin M, Löf M, Olsson M, Adlercreutz H, Sandin S, Weiderpass EDietary phytoestrogens are not associated with risk of overall breast cancer but diets rich in coumestrol are inversely associated with risk of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative breast tumors in Swedish women.J Nutr.(2008 May)
^Morimoto Y, Maskarinec G, Park SY, Ettienne R, Matsuno RK, Long C, Steffen AD, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LRDietary isoflavone intake is not statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort.Br J Nutr.(2014 Sep 28)
^Messina MJ, Wood CESoy isoflavones, estrogen therapy, and breast cancer risk: analysis and commentary.Nutr J.(2008-Jun-03)
^Doyle C, Kushi LH, Byers T, Courneya KS, Demark-Wahnefried W, Grant B, McTiernan A, Rock CL, Thompson C, Gansler T, Andrews KS, 2006 Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer Survivorship Advisory Committee, American Cancer SocietyNutrition and physical activity during and after cancer treatment: an American Cancer Society guide for informed choices.CA Cancer J Clin.(2006 Nov-Dec)
^The role of isoflavones in menopausal health: consensus opinion of The North American Menopause Society.Menopause.(2000 Jul-Aug)
^Duffy C, Perez K, Partridge AImplications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer.CA Cancer J Clin.(2007 Sep-Oct)
^Al-Nakkash L, Kubinski ASoy Isoflavones and Gastrointestinal Health.Curr Nutr Rep.(2020 Sep)
^Chen P, Sun J, Liang Z, Xu H, Du P, Li A, Meng Y, Reshetnik EI, Liu L, Li CThe bioavailability of soy isoflavones in vitro and their effects on gut microbiota in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem.Food Res Int.(2022 Feb)
^Wiseman H, Casey K, Bowey EA, Duffy R, Davies M, Rowland IR, Lloyd AS, Murray A, Thompson R, Clarke DBInfluence of 10 wk of soy consumption on plasma concentrations and excretion of isoflavonoids and on gut microflora metabolism in healthy adults.Am J Clin Nutr.(2004 Sep)
^Inpan R, Dukaew N, Na Takuathung M, Teekachunhatean S, Koonrungsesomboon NEffects of isoflavone interventions on bone turnover markers and factors regulating bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Arch Osteoporos.(2024 Dec 21)
^Marini H, Bitto A, Altavilla D, Burnett BP, Polito F, Di Stefano V, Minutoli L, Atteritano M, Levy RM, D'Anna R, Frisina N, Mazzaferro S, Cancellieri F, Cannata ML, Corrado F, Frisina A, Adamo V, Lubrano C, Sansotta C, Marini R, Adamo EB, Squadrito FBreast safety and efficacy of genistein aglycone for postmenopausal bone loss: a follow-up study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Dec)
^Messina M, Ho S, Alekel DLSkeletal benefits of soy isoflavones: a review of the clinical trial and epidemiologic data.Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.(2004 Nov)
^Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo Hidalgo MJIsoflavones: effects on bone health.Climacteric.(2011-Apr)
^Lee JSEffects of soy protein and genistein on blood glucose, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Life Sci.(2006 Sep 13)
^Lu MP, Wang R, Song X, Chibbar R, Wang X, Wu L, Meng QHDietary soy isoflavones increase insulin secretion and prevent the development of diabetic cataracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Nutr Res.(2008 Jul)
^Wagner JD, Zhang L, Shadoan MK, Kavanagh K, Chen H, Tresnasari K, Kaplan JR, Adams MREffects of soy protein and isoflavones on insulin resistance and adiponectin in male monkeys.Metabolism.(2008 Jul)
^Gilbert ER, Liu DAnti-diabetic functions of soy isoflavone genistein: mechanisms underlying its effects on pancreatic β-cell function.Food Funct.(2013 Feb)
^Curtis PJ, Sampson M, Potter J, Dhatariya K, Kroon PA, Cassidy AChronic ingestion of flavan-3-ols and isoflavones improves insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein status and attenuates estimated 10-year CVD risk in medicated postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.Diabetes Care.(2012 Feb)
^Messina MSoy foods, isoflavones, and the health of postmenopausal women.Am J Clin Nutr.(2014 Jul)
^Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen EThe clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavonesJ Nutr.(2002 Dec)

Examine Database References

Serum Albumin - Zhixiang Y, Yongxing X, Juan L, Qing Y, Yangyang L, Zhangrui Z, Yuehua GThe effects of soy protein and soy isoflavones intake on chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int Urol Nephrol.(2024 Nov 29)
Serum Calcium - Inpan R, Dukaew N, Na Takuathung M, Teekachunhatean S, Koonrungsesomboon NEffects of isoflavone interventions on bone turnover markers and factors regulating bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Arch Osteoporos.(2024 Dec 21)

Primary Use

Cancer

[ref-1] ^Nakai S, Fujita M, Kamei YHealth Promotion Effects of Soy Isoflavones.J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo).(2020)

[ref-2] ^Wiesław Kanadys, Agnieszka Barańska, Agata Błaszczuk, Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz, Bartłomiej Drop, Maria Malm, Krzysztof KaneckiEffects of Soy Isoflavones on Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsInt J Environ Res Public Health.(2021 May 17)

[ref-3] ^Jenkins DJ, Mirrahimi A, Srichaikul K, Berryman CE, Wang L, Carleton A, Abdulnour S, Sievenpiper JL, Kendall CW, Kris-Etherton PMSoy protein reduces serum cholesterol by both intrinsic and food displacement mechanismsJ Nutr.(2010 Dec)

[ref-4] ^Food labeling: health claims; soy protein and coronary heart disease. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule.Fed Regist.(1999 Oct 26)

[ref-5] ^Li SH, Liu XX, Bai YY, Wang XJ, Sun K, Chen JZ, Hui RTEffect of oral isoflavone supplementation on vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr.(2010 Feb)

[ref-6] ^Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Kono N, Azen SP, Shoupe D, Hwang-Levine J, Petitti D, Whitfield-Maxwell L, Yan M, Franke AA, Selzer RH, Women's Isoflavone Soy Health Research GroupIsoflavone soy protein supplementation and atherosclerosis progression in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.Stroke.(2011 Nov)

[ref-7] ^Liggins J, Bluck LJ, Runswick S, Atkinson C, Coward WA, Bingham SADaidzein and genistein contents of vegetables.Br J Nutr.(2000 Nov)

[ref-8] ^Yu D, Shu XO, Li H, Yang G, Cai Q, Xiang YB, Ji BT, Franke AA, Gao YT, Zheng W, Zhang XDietary isoflavones, urinary isoflavonoids, and risk of ischemic stroke in women.Am J Clin Nutr.(2015 Sep)

[ref-9] ^Kokubo Y, Iso H, Ishihara J, Okada K, Inoue M, Tsugane S, JPHC Study GroupAssociation of dietary intake of soy, beans, and isoflavones with risk of cerebral and myocardial infarctions in Japanese populations: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I.Circulation.(2007 Nov 27)

[ref-10] ^Nagata C, Wada K, Tamura T, Konishi K, Goto Y, Koda S, Kawachi T, Tsuji M, Nakamura KDietary soy and natto intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese adults: the Takayama study.Am J Clin Nutr.(2017 Feb)

[ref-11] ^Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Morabito N, Crisafulli A, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Campo GM, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Squadrito GThe effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women.Atherosclerosis.(2002 Aug)

[ref-12] ^Zaheer K, Humayoun Akhtar MAn updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human healthCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2017 Apr 13)

[ref-13] ^McCarty MFIsoflavones made simple - genistein's agonist activity for the beta-type estrogen receptor mediates their health benefits.Med Hypotheses.(2006)

[ref-14] ^Paterni I, Granchi C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Minutolo FEstrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ): subtype-selective ligands and clinical potential.Steroids.(2014 Nov)

[ref-15] ^Ioannis Boutas, Adamantia Kontogeorgi, Constantine Dimitrakakis, Sophia N KalantaridouSoy Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysisIn Vivo.(Mar-Apr 2022)

[ref-16] ^Barnes S, Boersma B, Patel R, Kirk M, Darley-Usmar VM, Kim H, Xu JIsoflavonoids and chronic disease: mechanisms of action.Biofactors.(2000)

[ref-17] ^Chen MN, Lin CC, Liu CFEfficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic reviewClimacteric.(2015 Apr)

[ref-18] ^Carmignani LO, Pedro AO, Costa-Paiva LH, Pinto-Neto AMThe effect of dietary soy supplementation compared to estrogen and placebo on menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.Maturitas.(2010 Nov)

[ref-19] ^Crisafulli A, Marini H, Bitto A, Altavilla D, Squadrito G, Romeo A, Adamo EB, Marini R, D'Anna R, Corrado F, Bartolone S, Frisina N, Squadrito FEffects of genistein on hot flushes in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind EPT- and placebo-controlled study.Menopause.(2004 Jul-Aug)

[ref-20] ^Khapre S, Deshmukh U, Jain SThe Impact of Soy Isoflavone Supplementation on the Menopausal Symptoms in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.J Midlife Health.(2022 Apr-Jun)

[ref-21] ^Zhan S, Ho SCMeta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profileAm J Clin Nutr.(2005 Feb)

[ref-22] ^Demonty I, Lamarche B, Jones PJRole of isoflavones in the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy.Nutr Rev.(2003 Jun)

[ref-23] ^Taku K, Umegaki K, Sato Y, Taki Y, Endoh K, Watanabe SSoy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trialsAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Apr)

[ref-24] ^Taku K, Umegaki K, Ishimi Y, Watanabe SEffects of extracted soy isoflavones alone on blood total and LDL cholesterol: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Ther Clin Risk Manag.(2008 Oct)

[ref-25] ^Kang X, Zhang Q, Wang S, Huang X, Jin SEffect of soy isoflavones on breast cancer recurrence and death for patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy.CMAJ.(2010 Nov 23)

[ref-26] ^Guha N, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weltzien EK, Castillo AL, Caan BJSoy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study.Breast Cancer Res Treat.(2009 Nov)

[ref-27] ^Hedelin M, Löf M, Olsson M, Adlercreutz H, Sandin S, Weiderpass EDietary phytoestrogens are not associated with risk of overall breast cancer but diets rich in coumestrol are inversely associated with risk of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative breast tumors in Swedish women.J Nutr.(2008 May)

[ref-28] ^Morimoto Y, Maskarinec G, Park SY, Ettienne R, Matsuno RK, Long C, Steffen AD, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LRDietary isoflavone intake is not statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort.Br J Nutr.(2014 Sep 28)

[ref-29] ^Messina MJ, Wood CESoy isoflavones, estrogen therapy, and breast cancer risk: analysis and commentary.Nutr J.(2008-Jun-03)

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Soy Isoflavones

Soy Isoflavones

Formulation:

Range of dosages studied:

Effective Dosages:

High cholesterol

Cardiovascular health

Bone health

Other considerations:

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