2023-08-07 16:56:15
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FAQs and database updated with new literature. Additionally, we added some extra FAQs that go into berberine's mechanisms more deeply.
Berberine
•Last Updated: August 7, 2023
Berberine is a plant alkaloid with a long history of use in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for the management of various health conditions. Its seemingly potent ability to reduce blood sugar rivals that of some anti-diabetic drugs.
Berberine is most often used forDiabetes & Blood Sugar.The Examine Database covers Type 2 Diabetes,Dyslipidemia, and 17 other conditions and goals.
Last Updated:August 7, 2023
34 references on this page
16,912 participants in 17 trials
Berberine is linked to 19 conditions and outcomes. Get Examine+ to unlock these insights and the details of over 50,000 other studies.
Berberine is an alkaloid found in the barks, leaves, twigs, rhizomes, roots, and/or stems of various plants, such as barberry, Oregon grape, and tree turmeric. Traditionally, berberine has been used as an antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal agent in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.[1][2][3] Most research in humans has examined berberine’s effects on markers of glycemic control, blood lipids, markers of liver function, and anthropometric parameters in people with metabolic disorders.
Evidence from clinical trials conducted in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) suggests that berberine’s glucose-lowering effect may be on par with some anti-diabetic drugs or standards of care.[4][5] In people with metabolic disorders, limited research suggests that berberine may improve blood lipids and liver enzymes, and reduce body weight and fat mass.[6] However, most of the available trials examining the effects of berberine on the aforementioned outcomes are of poor methodological quality.[7] The best-quality clinical evidence on berberine’s effects to date are related to improvements in hormonal health in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to immune system response. Even these studies, however, warrant interpretation with a degree of caution due to the imprecision and inconsistency of their results.[7] In those with PCOS, the evidence suggests that berberine may improve hormonal outcomes.[4] In those with a variety of metabolic conditions (T2D, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease), berberine may be able to lower C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation.[8] Finally, in those with a history of colorectal cancer, it was found that berberine could potentially reduce the recurrence rates of colorectal polyps.[9]
Although berberine appears to be generally safe, more long-term safety research is needed. Supplementation with berberine (especially in doses above 300 mg/day) has been reported to cause gastrointestinal side effects in some people, including diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and stomach pain.[10] Due to its ability to reduce blood sugar, berberine may increase the risk for hypoglycemia in high doses. Additionally, berberine inhibits several enzymes involved in drug metabolism, so there’s a risk of serious drug interactions when taken alongside other medications or supplements.[11]
Berberine seems to produce most of its benefits through acting on high-level controllers of energy homeostasis, including the enzymes adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase c (PKC), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT 1), all of which regulate biological processes related to metabolism, immunity, and inflammation.[12]
Berberine should not be confused with:
- Piperine (Black Pepper extract)
- Berberol (Brand name)
- Berberrubine (Metabolite)
The standard dose of berberine is 900-2,000mg a day, divided into three to four doses.
Berberine should be taken with a meal, or shortly after, to take advantage of the blood glucose and lipid spike associated with eating.
Too much berberine at once can result in stomach upset, cramping, and diarrhea.
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Phytosomal berberine for polycystic ovarian syndrome
In this randomized controlled trial in Pakistani participants, a phytosomal formulation of berberine improved menstrual regularity, ovary appearance on ultrasound, acne, and hirsutism compared to a control. However, important factors strongly reduce our confidence in the findings of this study.
What was studied?
The effect of berberine on various health outcomes in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
The primary outcomes examined were based on the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria for PCOS:
- Menstrual frequency
- Symptoms of high androgens such as testosterone (i.e., hirsutism as assessed with the modified Ferriman-Gallwey score and dermatologist-graded acne)
- The presence of cysts on the ovaries as assessed by ultrasound
The secondary outcomes were the following:
- Anthropometric measurements (e.g., body weight, BMI)
- Sex hormones (e.g., free testosterone)
- Glycemic profile (e.g., fasting glucose)
- Lipid profile (e.g., total cholesterol)
- Liver-related biomarkers (4 liver enzymes, liver ultrasound, and C-reactive protein)
- Quality of life (assessed with a validated questionnaire covering 5 domains of well-being in regards to emotions, body hair, body weight, infertility, and menstrual problems)
- safety (red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin and platelets)
- side-effects (via a questionnaire)
Who was studied?
106 Pakistani women (average age of 25) diagnosed with PCOS as per the Rotterdam criteria.
How was it studied?
In this 90-day randomized controlled trial, the participants were divided into the berberine group or the control group. All of the participants received the standard treatment for PCOS, including dietary advice (a modest reduction in carbohydrates in the context of a weight-maintenance diet) and exercise advice (maintain their usual exercise or add in cycling and walking if needed).
The berberine group took 2 capsules of Berberine Phytosome® per day, which contained berberine extract (180 mg) from Berberis aristata, sunflower lecithin, pea protein, and grape seed extract.
What were the results?
At 90 days, menstrual frequency, ovary appearance, and acne were improved in the berberine group compared to the control group. Compared to baseline, hirsutism scores improved in the berberine group but not in the control group.
Compared to baseline, body weight, BMI, hip circumference, and total cholesterol were improved in both groups, and quality of life (emotion domain and body weight domain) was improved only in the berberine group.
Mild gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., bloating) were noted by 3 women in both groups.
Anything else I need to know?
The researchers assessed many outcomes without adjusting for multiple comparisons, which increases the likelihood of false-positive findings.
One study reported 10 times better bioavailability of Berberine Phytosome®, compared to unformulated berberine.[1] However, this study was funded by the supplement company that produces this berberine. Furthermore, 4 of the 24 authors of this study were either scientific advisers for or were employed by the same supplement company that produced this berberine, representing a conflict of interest.
A lack of blinding and large changes in the outcomes measured versus the outcomes listed in the study’s registration also reduce our confidence in the findings of the study.
Furthermore, because the study participants were exclusively Pakistani, these findings may not be generalizable to people of other cultures and ethnic groups.
Berberine improves glycemic control and reduces markers of inflammation
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What was studied?
The effect of supplementation with berberine on biomarkers of glycemic control and biomarkers of inflammation.
Specifically, the following outcomes were studied:
- Biomarkers of glycemic control: fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR
- Biomarkers of inflammation: C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)
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Berberine for prediabetes
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What was studied?
The effect of daily supplementation with berberine on glycemic control in people with prediabetes.
The outcomes assessed were fasting glucose and insulin, 2-hour postprandial (postmeal) blood glucose level (assessed using a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test), HbA1c, and HOMA-IR.
How was it studied?
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Berberine for improving blood lipids
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What was studied?
The effect of berberine and berberine-containing products on lipoproteins, triglycerides, and biological safety markers in adults with elevated blood lipids.
The primary outcomes included total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)], high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), liver enzymes (AST and ALT), creatine kinase (CK), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP).
How was it studied?
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Berberine for NAFLD
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Quick Summary
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Background
Berberine — an alkaloid found in the barks, leaves, twigs, rhizomes, roots, and/or stems of various plants — has been used as an antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and antidiarrheal agent in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Although some evidence suggests that berberine may have benefits for people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), more research on its effectiveness is needed.
The study
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The results
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Note
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The big picture
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Evidence from clinical trials conducted in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) suggests that berberine’s glucose-lowering effect may be on par with some anti-diabetic drugs or standards of care.[4][5] In people with metabolic disorders, limited research suggests that berberine may improve blood lipids and liver enzymes, and reduce body weight and fat mass.[6] However, most of the available trials examining the effects of berberine on the aforementioned outcomes are of poor methodological quality.[7] The best-quality clinical evidence on berberine’s effects to date are related to improvements in hormonal health in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to immune system response. Even these studies, however, warrant interpretation with a degree of caution due to the imprecision and inconsistency of their results.[7] In those with PCOS, the evidence suggests that berberine may improve hormonal outcomes.[4] In those with a variety of metabolic conditions (T2D, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease), berberine may be able to lower C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation.[8] Finally, in those with a history of colorectal cancer, it was found that berberine could potentially reduce the recurrence rates of colorectal polyps.[9]
In people with preexisting conditions that are related to metabolism (e.g., type II diabetes, PCOS, CVD, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD), berberine could potentially induce weight loss (as measured through BMI, body weight, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio).[5][8][4][25] However, the few studies in otherwise healthy participants did not echo these findings.[26][25] Given the mechanisms by which berberine acts on metabolism, this might point to weight loss merely being a function of berberine’s regulation of metabolic factors, such as a decrease in the genes responsible for the body’s production of lipids and/or an increase in stored fatty tissue being used for energy.[18] If so, then berberine may not be useful for weight loss in those without the matching genetic predisposition, since, for example, not all people who want to lose weight will meaningfully underexpress genes for fatty acid metabolism. While preclinical evidence on berberine for weight loss in those with metabolically related conditions is promising, the clinical evidence is still lacking in overall quality and consistent findings.[7]
The largest body of evidence for berberine in reproductive health is as a treatment for people with PCOS.[27][4][7] Some research has been done on berberine’s effects on uterine fibroids[28], premature ovarian failure,[29] and dysmenorrhea,[30] but these studies are few and/or still in preclinical phases. In people with PCOS, clinical evidence suggests that berberine, at doses ranging from 300 mg/d to 2000 mg/d, may be beneficial for pregnancy and/or conception: when compared with placebo or no treatment at all, berberine may aid in reducing of testosterone and the ratio of LH to FSH.[4] It is unclear, however, whether this is a direct effect or simply a result of berberine’s impact on other factors such as glucose and blood lipid regulation.[4][7] Another point worth consideration is that it does appear that higher doses of berberine are more prone to adverse events, and there simply is not enough evidence available to confirm the safety of berberine in (or surrounding) pregnancy.[7]
A more recent topic of exploration has been berberine’s immune modulation through reductions in inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-1-beta, CRP, and TNF-α) generally in those already with some form of metabolic distress (diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease).[31][5][8][32][3] In another apparent connection between berberine and immune health, three recent studies suggest that berberine (0.3-0.6 g/d) could reduce recurrence of colorectal polyps in those with a history of colorectal cancer, when compared to placebo controls.[9] Though more recent results may be a bit more promising, caution is warranted since there are still some concerns over the quality (and sometimes quantity) of the studies producing the findings.[7]
Some of the longest-standing research on berberine’s health effects concerns its use as an antimicrobial.[2][3] Berberine has mixed results when studied for its properties as an antiviral (HIV, coronaviruses, influenza), antibacterial (H. pylori, V. cholerae, S. aureus), and even as an antifungal. Taking this body of evidence into account, berberine’s best use as an antimicrobial seems to be as an adjunctive or combination therapy.[33][3][34]
Berberine seems to produce most of its benefits through acting on high-level controllers of energy homeostasis, including the enzymes adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase c (PKC), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT 1), all of which regulate biological processes related to metabolism, immunity, and inflammation.[12]
Broadly speaking, berberine supplementation results in the activation of enzymes responsible for regulating (among other things) energy usage in the body. Most notably, berberine activates AMPK, PKC, and SIRT 1.[13]
In animal models, berberine supplementation results in the activation of AMPK.[12] When active, AMPK interacts with a variety of enzymes to suppress anabolic processes (i.e., storing energy and building tissue) and promote catabolism (i.e., breaking down the aforementioned tissue and utilizing glucose for energy).[14] As well as increasing the activity of the glycolytic pathway, AMPK also improves glucose uptake by cells by encouraging glucose transport proteins to migrate to the cell membrane, which increases the rate at which glucose exits the blood and enters the cells (where it is broken down).[15]
Relatedly, berberine also results in the activation of PKC. Like AMPK, PKC has a variety of regulatory functions, but most importantly (in this case) it regulates the expression of insulin receptor genes. When activated, PKC increases the rate at which these genes are transcribed and translated into proteins, thereby increasing the number of insulin receptors on cell membranes.[16] Insulin is required to transport glucose into muscle and fat cells, so this PKC-dependent upregulation of insulin receptors can be said to make these cells more “insulin-sensitive”, meaning that less insulin must be released by the pancreas to effectively move glucose from the blood into cells.
Berberine can also improve insulin sensitivity through its effects on another regulatory enzyme, SIRT1. SIRT1 is one of several sirtuins present in mammals and helps regulate apoptosis (programmed cell death), mitochondrial function, and inflammation. One animal study found that berberine’s activation of SIRT1 helps improve mitochondrial function (in part by increasing the synthesis of mitochondria) and consequently lowers blood sugar and reduces obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet.[17]
As mentioned in the section above, berberine activates AMPK, which (among other things) suppresses the synthesis of lipids while promoting their breakdown, leading to a net reduction of their concentration in the blood.[13][18]
Alongside its AMPK-dependent effects, berberine additionally benefits blood lipids by increasing the abundance of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR). While it doesn’t increase expression of LDLR, it does increase the stability of the mRNA transcripts that go on to become LDLR proteins, which increases the abundance of LDLR receptors in cells and increases the rate at which they remove LDL cholesterol from the blood.[19] Additionally, berberine also lowers cholesterol by interfering with its absorption in intestines and its release into the blood.[20]
One noteworthy thing that berberine doesn’t do is interfere with cholesterol synthesis in the body. This contrasts with the most common class of cholesterol-lowering medications, statins, which directly inhibit the rate-determining enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, HMG-CoA reductase.[19] Because its mechanism of action is distinct from that of statins, it means berberine has potential to be useful either in conjunction with, or as a replacement for, statins. Current clinical studies on this topic, while hopeful, are still unclear, due to inconsistent findings across the body of evidence.[3][21][22]
In a similar vein, perhaps through its influence on blood lipids (or perhaps via effects on inflammation), berberine shows some promise as an antihypertensive when used as an add-on to standard of care treatments.[23] There are few good-quality clinical studies on this topic though, so more evidence is needed.[24]
- ^Ai X, Yu P, Peng L, Luo L, Liu J, Li S, Lai X, Luan F, Meng XBerberine: A Review of its Pharmacokinetics Properties and Therapeutic Potentials in Diverse Vascular Diseases.Front Pharmacol.(2021)
- ^Hu Q, Peng Z, Li L, Zou X, Xu L, Gong J, Yi PThe Efficacy of Berberine-Containing Quadruple Therapy on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Front Pharmacol.(2019)
- ^Gao Y, Wang F, Song Y, Liu HThe status of and trends in the pharmacology of berberine: a bibliometric review 1985-2018.Chin Med.(2020)
- ^Xie L, Zhang D, Ma H, He H, Xia Q, Shen W, Chang H, Deng Y, Wu Q, Cong J, Wang CC, Wu XThe Effect of Berberine on Reproduction and Metabolism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2019)
- ^Jing Guo, Hongdong Chen, Xueqin Zhang, Wenjiao Lou, Pingna Zhang, Yuheng Qiu, Chao Zhang, Yaoxian Wang, Wei Jing LiuThe Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsOxid Med Cell Longev.(2021 Dec 15)
- ^Ye Y, Liu X, Wu N, Han Y, Wang J, Yu Y, Chen QEfficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone for Several Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Front Pharmacol.(2021)
- ^Li Z, Wang Y, Xu Q, Ma J, Li X, Yan J, Tian Y, Wen Y, Chen TBerberine and health outcomes: An umbrella review.Phytother Res.(2023-May)
- ^Omid Asbaghi, Niloofar Ghanbari, Mahdi Shekari, Željko Reiner, Elaheh Amirani, Jamal Hallajzadeh, Liaosadat Mirsafaei, Zatollah AsemiThe effect of berberine supplementation on obesity parameters, inflammation and liver function enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsClin Nutr ESPEN.(2020 Aug)
- ^Fang S, Guo S, Du S, Cao Z, Yang Y, Su X, Wei WEfficacy and safety of berberine in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ethnopharmacol.(2022-Jan-10)
- ^Xu X, Yi H, Wu J, Kuang T, Zhang J, Li Q, Du H, Xu T, Jiang G, Fan GTherapeutic effect of berberine on metabolic diseases: Both pharmacological data and clinical evidence.Biomed Pharmacother.(2021-Jan)
- ^Hermann R, von Richter OClinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions.Planta Med.(2012-Sep)
- ^Ma X, Egawa T, Kimura H, Karaike K, Masuda S, Iwanaka N, Hayashi TBerberine-induced activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and glucose transport in rat skeletal muscles.Metabolism.(2010-Nov)
- ^Song D, Hao J, Fan DBiological properties and clinical applications of berberine.Front Med.(2020-Oct)
- ^Jeon SMRegulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases.Exp Mol Med.(2016-Jul-15)
- ^Allyson F O'Donnell, Martin C SchmidtAMPK-Mediated Regulation of Alpha-Arrestins and Protein TraffickingInt J Mol Sci.(2019 Jan 25)
- ^Kong WJ, Zhang H, Song DQ, Xue R, Zhao W, Wei J, Wang YM, Shan N, Zhou ZX, Yang P, You XF, Li ZR, Si SY, Zhao LX, Pan HN, Jiang JDBerberine reduces insulin resistance through protein kinase C-dependent up-regulation of insulin receptor expression.Metabolism.(2009-Jan)
- ^Gomes AP, Duarte FV, Nunes P, Hubbard BP, Teodoro JS, Varela AT, Jones JG, Sinclair DA, Palmeira CM, Rolo APBerberine protects against high fat diet-induced dysfunction in muscle mitochondria by inducing SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis.Biochim Biophys Acta.(2012-Feb)
- ^Yun S Lee, Woo S Kim, Kang H Kim, Myung J Yoon, Hye J Cho, Yun Shen, Ji-Ming Ye, Chul H Lee, Won K Oh, Chul T Kim, Cordula Hohnen-Behrens, Alison Gosby, Edward W Kraegen, David E James, Jae B KimBerberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant statesDiabetes.(2006 Aug)
- ^Kong W, Wei J, Abidi P, Lin M, Inaba S, Li C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Si S, Pan H, Wang S, Wu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu J, Jiang JDBerberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins.Nat Med.(2004-Dec)
- ^Wang Y, Yi X, Ghanam K, Zhang S, Zhao T, Zhu XBerberine decreases cholesterol levels in rats through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption.Metabolism.(2014-Sep)
- ^Yang L, Zhu W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu W, Shen TEfficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytomedicine.(2023-Apr)
- ^Blais JE, Huang X, Zhao JVOverall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.Drugs.(2023-Apr)
- ^Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, Yan Z, Zheng W, Fan J, Sun GMeta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertensionJ Ethnopharmacol.(2015 Feb 23)
- ^Suadoni MT, Atherton IBerberine for the treatment of hypertension: A systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract.(2021-Feb)
- ^Mohammad Reza Amini, Fatemeh Sheikhhossein, Sina Naghshi, Farhang Djafari, Mohammadreza Askari, Hossein Shahinfar, Maryam Safabakhsh, Alireza Jafari, Sakineh Shab-BidarEffects of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsComplement Ther Med.(2020 Mar)
- ^Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Hosseini S, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi OThe effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
- ^Han Zhao, Chuan Xing, Jiaqi Zhang, Bing HeComparative efficacy of oral insulin sensitizers metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositol, and berberine in improving endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS: a network meta-analysisReprod Health.(2021 Aug 18)
- ^Ciebiera M, Ali M, Prince L, Jackson-Bey T, Atabiekov I, Zgliczyński S, Al-Hendy AThe Evolving Role of Natural Compounds in the Medical Treatment of Uterine Fibroids.J Clin Med.(2020-May-14)
- ^Xue W, Xue F, Jia T, Hao AResearch and experimental verification of the molecular mechanism of berberine in improving premature ovarian failure based on network pharmacology.Bioengineered.(2022-Apr)
- ^Liu P, Duan JA, Hua YQ, Tang YP, Yao X, Su SLEffects of xiang-fu-si-wu decoction and its main components for dysmenorrhea on uterus contraction.J Ethnopharmacol.(2011-Jan-27)
- ^Lu Y, Zhang X, He J, Dai Z, Shi P, Lu Y, Chang FThe effects of berberine on inflammatory markers in Chinese patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials.Inflammopharmacology.(2022-Jun)
- ^Mohammad Beba, Kurosh Djafarian, Sakineh Shab-BidarEffect of Berberine on C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsComplement Ther Med.(2019 Oct)
- ^Warowicka A, Nawrot R, Goździcka-Józefiak AAntiviral activity of berberine.Arch Virol.(2020-Sep)
- ^Wu S, Yang K, Hong Y, Gong Y, Ni J, Yang N, Ding WA New Perspective on the Antimicrobial Mechanism of Berberine Hydrochloride Against Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomic Studies.Front Microbiol.(2022)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Derosa G, D'Angelo A, Bonaventura A, Bianchi L, Romano D, Maffioli PEffects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular riskExpert Opin Biol Ther.(2013 Apr)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Hosseini S, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi OThe effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Front Nutr.(2022)
- HbA1c - Dong H, Wang N, Zhao L, Lu FBerberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysisEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
- HbA1c - Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, Liu W, Yang J, Zhu N, Huo L, Wang M, Hong J, Wu P, Ren G, Ning GTreatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberineJ Clin Endocrinol Metab.(2008 Jul)
- HbA1c - Xie W, Su F, Wang G, Peng Z, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Xu N, Hou K, Hu Z, Chen Y, Chen RGlucose-lowering effect of berberine on type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Front Pharmacol.(2022)
- Total cholesterol - Blais JE, Huang X, Zhao JVOverall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.Drugs.(2023-Apr)
- Total cholesterol - Osadnik T, Goławski M, Lewandowski P, Morze J, Osadnik K, Pawlas N, Lejawa M, Jakubiak GK, Mazur A, Schwingschackl L, Gąsior M, Banach MA network meta-analysis on the comparative effect of nutraceuticals on lipid profile in adults.Pharmacol Res.(2022-Sep)
- Glycemic Control - Yan HM, Xia MF, Wang Y, Chang XX, Yao XZ, Rao SX, Zeng MS, Tu YF, Feng R, Jia WP, Liu J, Deng W, Jiang JD, Gao XEfficacy of Berberine in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver DiseasePLoS One.(2015 Aug 7)
- Glycemic Control - Pérez-Rubio KG, González-Ortiz M, Martínez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Espinel-Bermúdez MCEffect of berberine administration on metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretionMetab Syndr Relat Disord.(2013 Oct)
- Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) - Zeng XH, Zeng XJ, Li YYEfficacy and safety of berberine for congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathyAm J Cardiol.(2003 Jul 15)
- Canker Sores Symptoms - Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, Zhang H, Lu K, Li FF, Peng HYEffects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohortOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol.(2012 Dec 12)
- Total cholesterol - Yang L, Zhu W, Zhang X, Zhou X, Wu W, Shen TEfficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Phytomedicine.(2023-Apr)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Jing Guo, Hongdong Chen, Xueqin Zhang, Wenjiao Lou, Pingna Zhang, Yuheng Qiu, Chao Zhang, Yaoxian Wang, Wei Jing LiuThe Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsOxid Med Cell Longev.(2021 Dec 15)
- Insulin Resistance - Ye Y, Liu X, Wu N, Han Y, Wang J, Yu Y, Chen QEfficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone for Several Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Front Pharmacol.(2021)
- Fasting Glucose - Xie L, Zhang D, Ma H, He H, Xia Q, Shen W, Chang H, Deng Y, Wu Q, Cong J, Wang CC, Wu XThe Effect of Berberine on Reproduction and Metabolism in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2019)
- Colorectal adenoma (polyps) - Fang S, Guo S, Du S, Cao Z, Yang Y, Su X, Wei WEfficacy and safety of berberine in preventing recurrence of colorectal adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Ethnopharmacol.(2022-Jan-10)
- Body Mass Index (BMI) - Mohammad Reza Amini, Fatemeh Sheikhhossein, Sina Naghshi, Farhang Djafari, Mohammadreza Askari, Hossein Shahinfar, Maryam Safabakhsh, Alireza Jafari, Sakineh Shab-BidarEffects of berberine and barberry on anthropometric measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsComplement Ther Med.(2020 Mar)