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We searched for new studies on chromium, analyzed them, and added their information to our FAQs and database.
Chromium
•Last Updated: September 10, 2023
Chromium is a mineral that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust and is found in small amounts in a variety of foods. Chromium supplementation seems to enhance the effects of insulin in the body, leading to improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation in people with insulin resistance. Although chromium has historically been considered an essential nutrient for the human body, current evidence challenges this notion.
Chromium is most often used for
Last Updated:September 10, 2023
Chromium is an element commonly found in the earth's crust, primarily in trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent (Cr(VI)) forms, and trivalent chromium is generally safe and present in various foods and supplements. Although it has been suggested that chromium may be essential for insulin function and metabolism, there is no global consensus on its necessity for the human body.
Chromium is primarily recognized for its role in blood sugar regulation, particularly in type 2 diabetes, where it may modestly lower hemoglobin A1c and improve insulin sensitivity. Additionally, it may offer mild antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as slight weight loss benefits, though these effects are generally small and not consistently observed.
Chromium is generally well tolerated, and few side effects have been reported compared to placebo, but thorough safety analyses are lacking. Isolated case reports have noted issues such as anemia and liver dysfunction, sometimes at daily doses exceeding 1,000 µg, though these side effects have not been observed in clinical trials.
Chromium enhances insulin's effects and promotes glucose transport into insulin-sensitive tissues, likely through its binding to a biological complex called chromodulin, which amplifies insulin signaling. Additionally, chromium may reduce appetite and food cravings, potentially by affecting neurotransmission in the brain, though further research is needed to confirm this.
In research, chromium is generally supplemented at dosages ranging from 200–1000 µg daily. However, consistent dose-dependent responses haven’t been observed, and it’s unclear what an optimal dose of chromium might be.[1]
Supplemental chromium is available in a variety of forms, with chromium picolinate, chromium nicotinate, chromium chloride, and chromium-enriched yeast being the most commonly studied forms. There isn’t clear evidence suggesting one form is the best. When taken orally, chromium in both food and supplements is poorly absorbed by the body, with absorption rates ranging from just 0.4% to 2.5%.[2] While it has been circulated in the literature that chromium picolinate has superior absorption, the study this is based on used unreliable methods to measure chromium levels and was funded by a manufacturer of chromium picolinate.[3] Other research suggests that chromium picolinate does not have superior bioavailability compared to other forms of supplemental chromium.[4][5][1]
In terms of dietary requirements, in 2001 the Institute of Medicine proposed an adequate intake of chromium to be 30–35 and 20–25 µg daily for men and women, respectively. However, due to a lack of clinical research, this was based on estimated average intakes in the United States.[6] In 2014, the European Food Safety Authority claimed that it was inappropriate to suggest an adequate intake level of chromium due to a lack of evidence for the beneficial role of chromium on human health.[7]
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- ^Fengyi Zhao, Da Pan, Niannian Wang, Hui Xia, Hong Zhang, Shaokang Wang, Guiju SunEffect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisBiol Trace Elem Res.(2022 Feb)
- ^Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, Amrein K, Augsburger M, Biesalski HK, Bischoff SC, Casaer MP, Gundogan K, Lepp HL, de Man AME, Muscogiuri G, Pietka M, Pironi L, Rezzi S, Cuerda CESPEN micronutrient guideline.Clin Nutr.(2022-Jun)
- ^DiSilvestro RA, Dy EComparison of acute absorption of commercially available chromium supplements.J Trace Elem Med Biol.(2007)
- ^Kottwitz K, Laschinsky N, Fischer R, Nielsen PAbsorption, excretion and retention of 51Cr from labelled Cr-(III)-picolinate in rats.Biometals.(2009-Apr)
- ^Laschinsky N, Kottwitz K, Freund B, Dresow B, Fischer R, Nielsen PBioavailability of chromium(III)-supplements in rats and humans.Biometals.(2012-Oct)
- ^Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on MicronutrientsDietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
- ^Agostoni, C et al.Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for chromiumESFA Journal.(2014 Oct)
- ^Omid Asbaghi, Fatemeh Naeini, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Mojtaba Kaviani, Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi, Elham Eslampour, Sajjad Moradi, Elahe Mirzadeh, Cain C T Clark, Amirmansour Alavi NaeiniEffects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure, body mass index, liver function enzymes and malondialdehyde in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsComplement Ther Med.(2021 Aug)
- ^ChromiumNIH.(2022 Jun)
- ^Islam GMR, Rahman MM, Hasan MI, Tadesse AW, Hamadani JD, Hamer DHHair, serum and urine chromium levels in children with cognitive defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case control studies.Chemosphere.(2022-Mar)
- ^Ghanbari M, Amini MR, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar SThe effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2022-Mar)
- ^Vincent JBNew Evidence against Chromium as an Essential Trace Element.J Nutr.(2017-Dec)
- ^Morvaridzadeh M, Estêvão MD, Qorbani M, Heydari H, Hosseini AS, Fazelian S, Belančić A, Persad E, Rezamand G, Heshmati JThe effect of chromium intake on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Trace Elem Med Biol.(2022-Jan)
- ^Zhang X, Cui L, Chen B, Xiong Q, Zhan Y, Ye J, Yin QEffect of chromium supplementation on hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 as risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Complement Ther Clin Pract.(2021-Feb)
- ^Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, Aghabagheri E, Asemi Z, Jafarnejad SA meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity.Clin Obes.(2019-Aug)
- ^Omid Asbaghi, Naeini Fatemeh, Rezaei Kelishadi Mahnaz, Ghaedi Ehsan, Eslampour Elham, Nazarian Behzad, Ashtary-Larky Damoon, Alavi Naeini AmirmansourEffects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jul 28)
- ^Cerulli J, Grabe DW, Gauthier I, Malone M, McGoldrick MDChromium picolinate toxicityAnn Pharmacother.(1998 Apr)
- ^Wasser WG, Feldman NS, D'Agati VDChronic renal failure after ingestion of over-the-counter chromium picolinate.Ann Intern Med.(1997-Mar-01)
- ^Martin WR, Fuller RESuspected chromium picolinate-induced rhabdomyolysis.Pharmacotherapy.(1998)
- ^Fowler JFSystemic contact dermatitis caused by oral chromium picolinate.Cutis.(2000-Feb)
- ^Bunner SP, McGinnis RChromium-induced hypoglycemia.Psychosomatics.(1998)
- ^Maciej Lipko, Bogdan DebskiMechanism of insulin-like effect of chromium(III) ions on glucose uptake in C2C12 mouse myotubes involves ROS formationJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2018 Jan)
- ^Yamamoto A, Wada O, Suzuki HPurification and properties of biologically active chromium complex from bovine colostrum.J Nutr.(1988-Jan)
- ^Yamamoto A, Wada O, Manabe SEvidence that chromium is an essential factor for biological activity of low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.(1989-Aug-30)
- ^Yuan Chen, Heather M Watson, Junjie Gao, Sarmistha Halder Sinha, Carolyn J Cassady, John B VincentCharacterization of the organic component of low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance and its binding of chromiumJ Nutr.(2011 Jul)
- ^Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, Han H, White CL, Williamson DAEffects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satietyDiabetes Technol Ther.(2008 Oct)
- ^Ngala RA, Awe MA, Nsiah PThe effects of plasma chromium on lipid profile, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A case - control studyPLoS One.(2018 Jul 5)
- ^Xiao L, Zhou Y, Ma J, Cao L, Wang B, Zhu C, Yang S, Li W, Zhang Z, Wang D, Guo Y, Mu G, Yuan J, Chen WThe cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of chromium with dyslipidemia: A prospective cohort study of urban adults in China.Chemosphere.(2019-Jan)
- ^Chen J, Kan M, Ratnasekera P, Deol LK, Thakkar V, Davison KMBlood Chromium Levels and Their Association with Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, and Depression: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016.Nutrients.(2022-Jun-28)
- ^Angela Peruzzu, Giuliana Solinas, Yolande Asara, Giovanni Forte, Beatrice Bocca, Francesco Tolu, Lucia Malaguarnera, Andrea Montella, Roberto MadedduAssociation of trace elements with lipid profiles and glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in northern Sardinia, Italy: An observational studyChemosphere.(2015 Aug)
- ^Vajdi M, Musazadeh V, Karimi A, Heidari H, Tarrahi MJ, Askari GEffects of Chromium Supplementation on Lipid Profile: an Umbrella of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2023-Aug)
- ^Shahinfar H, Amini MR, Sheikhhossein F, Djafari F, Jafari A, Shab-Bidar SThe effect of chromium supplementation on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2020-Dec)
- ^Lari A, Fatahi S, Sohouli MH, Shidfar FThe Impact of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta‑Analysis of Randomized‑Controlled Trials.High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev.(2021-Jul)
- ^Tang XL, Sun Z, Gong LChromium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysisJ Obstet Gynaecol Res.(2018 Jan)
- ^Fazelian S, Rouhani MH, Bank SS, Amani RChromium supplementation and polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysisJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2017 Jul)
- ^Heffernan SM, Horner K, De Vito G, Conway GEThe Role of Mineral and Trace Element Supplementation in Exercise and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review.Nutrients.(2019-Mar-24)
- ^Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Cyr-Campbell D, Anderson RA, Evans WJEffects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older menJ Appl Physiol (1985).(1999 Jan)
- ^Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, Evans WJEffects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older womenInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2002 Jun)
- ^Walker LS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA, Knehans AWChromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlersMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1998 Dec)
- ^Jeejeebhoy KN, Chu RC, Marliss EB, Greenberg GR, Bruce-Robertson AChromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.Am J Clin Nutr.(1977-Apr)
- ^Freund H, Atamian S, Fischer JEChromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition.JAMA.(1979-Feb-02)
- ^Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WDChromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition.Dig Dis Sci.(1986-Jun)
- ^Kien CL, Veillon C, Patterson KY, Farrell PMMild peripheral neuropathy but biochemical chromium sufficiency during 16 months of "chromium-free" total parenteral nutrition.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(1986)
- ^A H Verhage, W K Cheong, K N JeejeebhoyNeurologic symptoms due to possible chromium deficiency in long-term parenteral nutrition that closely mimic metronidazole-induced syndromesJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.(1996 Mar-Apr)
- ^Tsuda K, Yokoyama Y, Morita M, Nakazawa Y, Onishi SSelenium and chromium deficiency during long-term home total parenteral nutrition in chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction.Nutrition.(1998-Mar)
- ^Di Bona KR, Love S, Rhodes NR, McAdory D, Sinha SH, Kern N, Kent J, Strickland J, Wilson A, Beaird J, Ramage J, Rasco JF, Vincent JBChromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet.J Biol Inorg Chem.(2011-Mar)
- ^Bharmal SV, Moyes V, Ahmed S, Grossman AHypoglycaemia: possible mediation by chromium salt medication.Hormones (Athens).(2010 Apr-Jun)
- ^Lança S, Alves A, Vieira AI, Barata J, de Freitas J, de Carvalho AChromium-induced toxic hepatitis.Eur J Intern Med.(2002 Dec)
- ^Yazaki Y, Faridi Z, Ma Y, Ali A, Northrup V, Njike VY, Liberti L, Katz DLA pilot study of chromium picolinate for weight lossJ Altern Complement Med.(2010 Mar)
- ^Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Jansman FG, Groenier KH, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bakker SJ, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2006 Mar)
- ^John-Kalarickal J, Pearlman G, Carlson HENew medications which decrease levothyroxine absorption.Thyroid.(2007 Aug)
- ^Davis, ML, et alEffects of over-the-counter drugs on 51-chromium retention and urinary excretion in ratsNutrition Research.(February 1995)
- Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Volek JS, Silvestre R, Kirwan JP, Sharman MJ, Judelson DA, Spiering BA, Vingren JL, Maresh CM, Vanheest JL, Kraemer WJEffects of chromium supplementation on glycogen synthesis after high-intensity exerciseMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2006 Dec)
- Triglycerides - Racek J, Trefil L, Rajdl D, Mudrová V, Hunter D, Senft VInfluence of chromium-enriched yeast on blood glucose and insulin variables, blood lipids, and markers of oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusBiol Trace Elem Res.(2006 Mar)
- Triglycerides - Kim CW, Kim BT, Park KH, Kim KM, Lee DJ, Yang SW, Joo NSEffects of short-term chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and body composition in overweight children: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Nutr Biochem.(2011 Nov)
- Triglycerides - Jamilian M, Asemi ZChromium Supplementation and the Effects on Metabolic Status in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialAnn Nutr Metab.(2015)
- Triglycerides - Aghdassi E, Arendt BM, Salit IE, Mohammed SS, Jalali P, Bondar H, Allard JPIn patients with HIV-infection, chromium supplementation improves insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trialCurr HIV Res.(2010 Mar)
- Triglycerides - Ali A, Ma Y, Reynolds J, Wise JP Sr, Inzucchi SE, Katz DLChromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitusEndocr Pract.(2011 Jan-Feb)
- Blood glucose - Joseph LJ, Farrell PA, Davey SL, Evans WJ, Campbell WWEffect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and womenMetabolism.(1999 May)
- Blood glucose - Offenbacher EG, Rinko CJ, Pi-Sunyer FXThe effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast on glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and plasma chromium in elderly subjectsAm J Clin Nutr.(1985 Sep)
- Blood glucose - Frauchiger MT, Wenk C, Colombani PCEffects of acute chromium supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy young menJ Am Coll Nutr.(2004 Aug)
- Weight - Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Penland JGChromium picolinate supplementation in women: effects on body weight, composition, and iron statusNutrition.(2007 Mar)
- Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile - Cheng HH, Lai MH, Hou WC, Huang CLAntioxidant effects of chromium supplementation with type 2 diabetes mellitus and euglycemic subjectsJ Agric Food Chem.(2004 Mar 10)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - Jamilian M, Bahmani F, Siavashani MA, Mazloomi M, Asemi Z, Esmaillzadeh AThe Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Endocrine Profiles, Biomarkers of Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialBiol Trace Elem Res.(2016 Jul)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - Lydic ML, McNurlan M, Bembo S, Mitchell L, Komaroff E, Gelato MChromium picolinate improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndromeFertil Steril.(2006 Jul)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - Tang XL, Sun Z, Gong LChromium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysisJ Obstet Gynaecol Res.(2018 Jan)
- Oxidative Stress Biomarkers - Morvaridzadeh M, Estêvão MD, Qorbani M, Heydari H, Hosseini AS, Fazelian S, Belančić A, Persad E, Rezamand G, Heshmati JThe effect of chromium intake on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Trace Elem Med Biol.(2022-Jan)
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - Zhang X, Cui L, Chen B, Xiong Q, Zhan Y, Ye J, Yin QEffect of chromium supplementation on hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 as risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Complement Ther Clin Pract.(2021-Feb)
- Glycemic Control - Julie Martin, Zhong Q Wang, Xian H Zhang, Deborah Wachtel, Julia Volaufova, Dwight E Matthews, William T CefaluChromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care.(2006 Aug)
- Glycemic Control - Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, Verhoeven S, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2007 May)
- Glycemic Control - Król E, Krejpcio Z, Byks H, Bogdański P, Pupek-Musialik DEffects of chromium brewer's yeast supplementation on body mass, blood carbohydrates, and lipids and minerals in type 2 diabetic patientsBiol Trace Elem Res.(2011 Nov)
- Glycemic Control - Pei D, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Li JC, Lee CH, Kuo SWThe influence of chromium chloride-containing milk to glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialMetabolism.(2006 Jul)
- Glycemic Control - Lai MHAntioxidant effects and insulin resistance improvement of chromium combined with vitamin C and e supplementation for type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Clin Biochem Nutr.(2008 Nov)
- Glycemic Control - Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, Hams G, O'Sullivan C, Foster-Powell K, McElduff AChromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose toleranceDiabetes Care.(2005 Mar)
- Glycemic Control - Cefalu WT, Rood J, Pinsonat P, Qin J, Sereda O, Levitan L, Anderson RA, Zhang XH, Martin JM, Martin CK, Wang ZQ, Newcomer BCharacterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitusMetabolism.(2010 May)
- Weight - Vrtovec M, Vrtovec B, Briski A, Kocijancic A, Anderson RA, Radovancevic BChromium supplementation shortens QTc interval duration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm Heart J.(2005 Apr)
- Weight - Ghosh D, Bhattacharya B, Mukherjee B, Manna B, Sinha M, Chowdhury J, Chowdhury SRole of chromium supplementation in Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Nutr Biochem.(2002 Nov)
- Weight - Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Jansman FG, Groenier KH, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bakker SJ, Bilo HJChromium treatment has no effect in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in an obese Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Care.(2006 Mar)
- Weight - Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, Feng JElevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetesDiabetes.(1997 Nov)
- Weight - Sharma S, Agrawal RP, Choudhary M, Jain S, Goyal S, Agarwal VBeneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA1C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetesJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2011 Jul)
- Weight - Bahijiri SM, Mira SA, Mufti AM, Ajabnoor MAThe effects of inorganic chromium and brewer's yeast supplementation on glucose tolerance, serum lipids and drug dosage in individuals with type 2 diabetesSaudi Med J.(2000 Sep)
- Blood glucose - Fengyi Zhao, Da Pan, Niannian Wang, Hui Xia, Hong Zhang, Shaokang Wang, Guiju SunEffect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysisBiol Trace Elem Res.(2022 Feb)
- Blood glucose - Paiva AN, Lima JG, Medeiros AC, Figueiredo HA, Andrade RL, Ururahy MA, Rezende AA, Brandão-Neto J, Almeida MdBeneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical studyJ Trace Elem Med Biol.(2015 Oct)
- Blood glucose - Omid Asbaghi, Naeini Fatemeh, Rezaei Kelishadi Mahnaz, Ghaedi Ehsan, Eslampour Elham, Nazarian Behzad, Ashtary-Larky Damoon, Alavi Naeini AmirmansourEffects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsPharmacol Res.(2020 Jul 28)
- HbA1c - Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Kerkeni APotential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Coll Nutr.(2001 Jun)
- Blood Pressure - Ghanbari M, Amini MR, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar SThe effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr.(2022-Mar)
- Apolipoprotein A - Shahinfar H, Amini MR, Sheikhhossein F, Djafari F, Jafari A, Shab-Bidar SThe effect of chromium supplementation on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Clin Nutr ESPEN.(2020-Dec)
- Muscle Mass - Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, Evans WJEffects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older womenInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2002 Jun)
- Muscle Mass - Livolsi JM, Adams GM, Laguna PLThe effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletesJ Strength Cond Res.(2001 May)
- Muscle Mass - Hallmark MA, Reynolds TH, DeSouza CA, Dotson CO, Anderson RA, Rogers MAEffects of chromium and resistive training on muscle strength and body compositionMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1996 Jan)
- Muscle Mass - Walker LS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA, Knehans AWChromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlersMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1998 Dec)
- Muscle Mass - Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Cyr-Campbell D, Anderson RA, Evans WJEffects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older menJ Appl Physiol (1985).(1999 Jan)
- Weight - Rhee YS, Hermann JR, Burnham K, Arquitt AB, Stoecker BJThe effects of chromium and copper supplementation on mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation in hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal womenClin Exp Immunol.(2002 Mar)
- Total cholesterol - Preuss HG, Wallerstedt D, Talpur N, Tutuncuoglu SO, Echard B, Myers A, Bui M, Bagchi DEffects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot studyJ Med.(2000)
- HbA1c - Hockney RA, Montgomery P, Williams C, Geddes JR, Cowen PJLack of effect of chromium supplementation on mental state and body weight in people with schizophreniaJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2006 Oct)
- Blood Lactate (Exercise) - Davis JM, Welsh RS, Alerson NAEffects of carbohydrate and chromium ingestion during intermittent high-intensity exercise to fatigueInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2000 Dec)
- Depression Symptoms - Amann BL, Mergl R, Vieta E, Born C, Hermisson I, Seemueller F, Dittmann S, Grunze HA 2-year, open-label pilot study of adjunctive chromium in patients with treatment-resistant rapid-cycling bipolar disorderJ Clin Psychopharmacol.(2007 Feb)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - I Kato, J H Vogelman, V Dilman, J Karkoszka, K Frenkel, N P Durr, N Orentreich, P TonioloEffect of supplementation with chromium picolinate on antibody titers to 5-hydroxymethyl uracilEur J Epidemiol.(1998 Sep)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Yazaki Y, Faridi Z, Ma Y, Ali A, Northrup V, Njike VY, Liberti L, Katz DLA pilot study of chromium picolinate for weight lossJ Altern Complement Med.(2010 Mar)
- Weight - Tian H, Guo X, Wang X, He Z, Sun R, Ge S, Zhang ZChromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2013 Nov 29)
- Weight - Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, Aghabagheri E, Asemi Z, Jafarnejad SA meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity.Clin Obes.(2019-Aug)
- Glycemic Control - J J Feiner, M A McNurlan, R E Ferris, D C Mynarcik, M C GelatoChromium picolinate for insulin resistance in subjects with HIV disease: a pilot studyDiabetes Obes Metab.(2008 Feb)
- Blood glucose - Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, Han H, White CL, Williamson DAEffects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satietyDiabetes Technol Ther.(2008 Oct)
- PMS Symptoms - Brownley KA, Girdler SS, Stout AL, McLeod MNChromium supplementation for menstrual cycle-related mood symptomsJ Diet Suppl.(2013 Dec)
- Depression Symptoms - Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JRA double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate cravingJ Psychiatr Pract.(2005 Sep)
- Depression Symptoms - Davidson JR, Abraham K, Connor KM, McLeod MNEffectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trialBiol Psychiatry.(2003 Feb 1)
- HbA1c - Iqbal N, Cardillo S, Volger S, Bloedon LT, Anderson RA, Boston R, Szapary POChromium picolinate does not improve key features of metabolic syndrome in obese nondiabetic adultsMetab Syndr Relat Disord.(2009 Apr)
- Blood glucose - Krikorian R, Eliassen JC, Boespflug EL, Nash TA, Shidler MDImproved cognitive-cerebral function in older adults with chromium supplementationNutr Neurosci.(2010 Jun)
- Depression Symptoms - McLeod MN, Gaynes BN, Golden RNChromium potentiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for dysthymic disorder in 5 patientsJ Clin Psychiatry.(1999 Apr)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Vajdi M, Musazadeh V, Karimi A, Heidari H, Tarrahi MJ, Askari GEffects of Chromium Supplementation on Lipid Profile: an Umbrella of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Biol Trace Elem Res.(2023-Aug)
- HbA1c - Brownley KA, Von Holle A, Hamer RM, La Via M, Bulik CMA double-blind, randomized pilot trial of chromium picolinate for binge eating disorder: results of the Binge Eating and Chromium (BEACh) studyJ Psychosom Res.(2013 Jul)
- Kidney Function - Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Ostlund RE Jr, Anderson RA, Farrell PA, Evans WJResistive training and chromium picolinate: effects on inositols and liver and kidney functions in older adultsInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2004 Aug)