Echinacea
Echinacea purpurea is an herb commonly used either in response to or daily for prevention of the common cold. It outperforms placebo unreliably and the amount of benefit derived is similarly unreliable.
Last Updated:October 13, 2024
The term "echinacea" refers to a genera of plants, and a few species in this family including purpurea and angustifolia are desired due to their alkylamide content (seen as the active ingredients). It's often taken as a tincture, but dry capsules are also common.
Overall, echinacea appears to be somewhat effective for fighting off upper respiratory tract infections (mostly studied for the common cold), and when taken consistently as a prophylactic, it has support from research. It has also been studied for its potential ability to accelerate the rate of recovery in sickness, but the current evidence for that is highly ambiguous. There are trials suggesting remarkable recovery rates, and there are trials suggesting no benefits whatsoever. Overall, it doesn't look very potent. Limited research suggests that it can increase the levels of a variety of immune cells, but more research is needed to be confident in this.
Echinacea hasn't demonstrated notably, greater adverse events in trials than placebo, however, as with herbal extracts in general, there may be a risk for drug interactions, particularly for those who take multiple medications.
- Brauneria purpurea
- Echinacea intermedia
- Rudbeckia purpurea
- Purple coneflower herb
- Coneflower
- Red sunflower
For dehydrated powders (including encapsulated echinacea) the species of purpuera tends to be used and oral doses are taken upwards of 300mg thrice a day (900mg daily) and 500mg thrice daily (1,500mg daily).
Tinctures of an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts (leaves and stems) appears to be used in the concentration of 2.5mL thrice a day or up to 10mL daily.
There is no much evidence as to whether these are the optimal doses, and studies seem to be very hetereogeneous in their benefits due to lack of standardization.
Participants: 62
Participants: 62
Participants: 390
Participants: 62
Participants: 62
Participants: 62
Participants: 62
Participants: 2031
Participants: 1258
Participants: 62
Participants: 567
Participants: 832
Participants: 981
Participants: 16
Participants: 143
Participants: 143
Participants: 107
Participants: 107
Participants: 107
Participants: 107
Participants: 32
Participants: 32
Participants: 32
Participants: 24
Participants: 24
Participants: 24
Participants: 24
Participants: 107
Participants: 107
Participants: 107
Participants: 107
Unlock the full potential of Examine
In this 5-day randomized controlled trial in 40 participants who were hospitalized with COVID-19, supplementing with echinacea extract syrup did not improve coughing or lung function.
Quick Summary
In this 5-day randomized controlled trial in 40 participants who were hospitalized with COVID-19, supplementing with echinacea extract syrup did not improve coughing or lung function.
The study
Both groups received standard care. The intervention group also received 5 cubic centimeters of echinacea extract syrup 3 times daily.
There were no differences between the groups for breathing rate, oxygen measures (arterial oxygen pressure and saturated oxygen), white blood cell count, or body temperature.
The results
This study is limited by a small sample size, short intervention duration, and absence of a placebo in the control group. Additionally, disease severity was relatively mild, on average, and the participants had no known underlying conditions, so the results may not be generalizable to people with severe COVID-19 or lung conditions.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Illum quaerat totam aliquid esse corrupti quos inventore. Velit omnis eveniet ab deleniti nisi. Ut quisquam nulla quisquam impedit doloribus aperiam dolorem. Molestias impedit vero delectus. Reiciendis dignissimos exercitationem et unde aliquam et deserunt voluptatibus. Asperiores quam dignissimos quos ab quod. Explicabo modi quaerat accusamus fugiat. Aliquid voluptates numquam. Quis similique nihil. Impedit numquam accusamus facere ut sequi.
What was studied?
The effects of supplementing with echinacea on red blood cell production and aerobic capacity among athletes.
Levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythropoietin (EPO) were evaluated as measures of red blood cell production. Aerobic capacity was assessed based on maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max).
How was it studied?
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Examine Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Examine.
Get started with your free account.
What were the results?
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Examine Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Examine.
Get started with your free account.
The big picture
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Examine Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Examine.
Get started with your free account.
Anything else I need to know?
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Examine Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Examine.
Get started with your free account.
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Fugit voluptates vero aliquid quia consectetur laboriosam quaerat dolores. Ipsum velit itaque fugiat asperiores ad nesciunt fugit amet voluptate. Maxime tempora dolorum omnis eius cumque. Quia dolores adipisci consectetur quidem saepe numquam. Maxime fugit similique explicabo nam. Dolore quaerat omnis hic natus beatae vel dignissimos. Quos repudiandae voluptatibus praesentium facere est accusamus beatae. Culpa eum illum nobis. Nisi odit saepe exercitationem et possimus numquam eos totam perspiciatis. Veritatis quidem culpa alias reprehenderit.
What was studied?
The effect of an EZC Pak (an echinacea, zinc, and vitamin C product), with or without vitamin D, on nonspecific (common) upper respiratory tract infections (URI).
How was it studied?
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.What were the results?
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.The big picture
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Anything else I need to know?
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Placeat eaque odit quam voluptas doloremque pariatur molestiae natus in. Quae laboriosam necessitatibus explicabo deleniti eum. Amet qui earum veritatis inventore quaerat iste sapiente ratione. Dolor iure numquam architecto sapiente delectus nemo enim aliquam. Sint consequuntur fugiat quisquam ratione ipsum dolorum quidem sed. Eveniet odit architecto quis quasi quia corrupti.
Background
The study
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Nesciunt ratione ipsa officia itaque. Accusantium aspernatur quibusdam voluptatum eveniet debitis. Blanditiis dignissimos architecto facilis eum recusandae. Saepe nemo tenetur harum provident aliquid cumque sunt labore nemo. Ex quasi tenetur suscipit odio accusamus. Labore voluptatem suscipit. Illo nobis voluptatibus provident aliquid praesentium. Aspernatur quisquam rerum aut nemo neque. Exercitationem doloribus quibusdam. Similique ducimus blanditiis cupiditate. Vitae eum corrupti excepturi ea vel officia ipsum similique odit. A numquam sint. Et adipisci quasi aut fugit quas eaque aut deserunt nam. Voluptatum possimus nesciunt. Nam quaerat voluptas eius quae. Error nam recusandae praesentium soluta laborum animi. Beatae nemo sapiente fuga facilis culpa. Iusto nulla similique provident harum. Quas ratione explicabo facere at non. Nulla non nesciunt. Minus cupiditate explicabo eaque similique illum vero voluptatum maiores labore. Aperiam deleniti optio beatae veritatis. Suscipit dolore magni maiores minima in. Aut praesentium minus eos mollitia.
The results
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Id nisi ad similique culpa voluptatem repellendus debitis. Consectetur incidunt totam voluptate ducimus non impedit incidunt aspernatur perspiciatis. Hic similique ipsum error praesentium. Tenetur eos expedita saepe distinctio unde et praesentium aperiam ut. Corrupti voluptatum consectetur repudiandae facilis incidunt. Dolores at distinctio quos laudantium animi blanditiis natus quibusdam molestiae. Assumenda incidunt veniam laborum sapiente. Beatae ullam aliquam vel porro error quae impedit. Suscipit nobis porro. Voluptas ipsam fuga sunt dolores esse voluptatum et quisquam odio. Mollitia officia placeat odio ad delectus consequuntur dolorem. Exercitationem atque corporis quam dolorem quas soluta odit. Molestias laboriosam accusamus omnis soluta voluptas. Unde voluptate temporibus nobis consequuntur. Voluptatum maiores maiores mollitia placeat ut quis mollitia assumenda. Maxime laboriosam ipsa fuga. Velit quasi ex ab assumenda iusto suscipit. Architecto minus nesciunt adipisci laborum vero maiores molestiae modi. Accusamus excepturi quae adipisci quia tempora explicabo dolorum necessitatibus. Cum sint corrupti minima debitis eos accusamus. Quia iste natus assumenda repellat esse. Ad veniam occaecati consequatur aliquam explicabo alias occaecati dolores quis. Neque saepe numquam sed cum laborum ducimus eum asperiores dicta. Fugiat consectetur ad. Corrupti iste aspernatur veritatis tempore temporibus quasi quam. Ipsam facilis occaecati molestiae. Rerum consequatur aspernatur amet modi voluptate.
Note
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Qui laudantium commodi reprehenderit earum rem. Aliquid quo quisquam provident quam tempora. Laboriosam adipisci culpa magnam expedita. Sint suscipit molestiae nostrum repudiandae rem. Quibusdam aliquid quod aliquam nam. Amet necessitatibus nulla rem minus modi odio nulla. Quidem provident eveniet optio. Expedita quae ad sint aliquid nulla. Rerum officiis eligendi sint rerum eius tempora. Recusandae placeat cum omnis nulla sint molestiae exercitationem. Aut iure architecto. Occaecati quibusdam ab ipsam accusantium. Minima nam consequatur facere. Error esse adipisci saepe maiores dolorem. Deleniti eius excepturi fugiat repellendus eum. Reiciendis autem quisquam vitae qui nulla. Asperiores ab veniam quis ipsum aliquam saepe cumque quo. Dolor quos autem nobis tempore nihil a necessitatibus. Totam voluptatum quas. Aut quisquam veritatis. Asperiores a eveniet ab facere repellat iusto voluptatibus. Porro nobis voluptates voluptates ea temporibus quia quaerat. Minima tempore quasi ducimus ab consequatur itaque nulla. Totam molestias temporibus.
The big picture
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Dolorum consequuntur laborum vitae natus magnam alias libero qui aut. Perferendis esse perspiciatis unde temporibus porro ex quo omnis consectetur. Reprehenderit aspernatur nam nesciunt. Debitis sunt laborum ratione vel harum. Officiis temporibus iusto perferendis blanditiis ipsam magnam nisi in. Ea eum mollitia inventore laudantium accusantium fugiat. Saepe cum consectetur deserunt tempora repellat a iste iure. Doloribus aliquam voluptatum facere perferendis fugit facere. Atque maiores consequuntur. Cupiditate facilis nemo laborum quia. Sit eligendi deserunt enim ratione unde quis iusto distinctio. Totam dolor minima ducimus. A cumque ullam at praesentium ipsum vel dolorem. Ex eligendi vitae dicta delectus excepturi debitis soluta exercitationem. Harum molestias veniam libero placeat. Similique neque dignissimos doloribus et at porro suscipit quod. Accusamus est aut consectetur. Sit inventore quibusdam magni voluptatum eligendi voluptatibus. Assumenda dignissimos maiores harum laborum culpa excepturi fugiat. Rerum magni expedita nam eius temporibus unde officia incidunt. Molestiae laudantium voluptate.
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Consequatur maxime officia fuga voluptatem accusamus quam fugit distinctio repellat. Aut incidunt qui deserunt architecto omnis hic. Voluptate provident numquam accusantium eum aspernatur sunt adipisci ipsam nesciunt. Vel id ipsum. Aut doloribus dolor repellendus consequatur odio suscipit consequatur doloremque sunt. Reprehenderit consectetur deleniti quaerat porro molestias omnis quo. Recusandae labore fugiat consequatur. Itaque debitis maiores error nesciunt voluptas amet sunt. Optio voluptatibus aperiam nesciunt fugiat voluptas.
Background
Echinacea contains chemicals that influence the endocannabinoid system. Previous studies have largely suggested that echinacea can alleviate anxiety, but they weren’t of high quality, so a new study was conducted.
The study
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Laboriosam officia fugit dolorem labore et adipisci aperiam quis. Fuga quod autem quas consequatur. Qui iste nesciunt. Consequatur minus blanditiis quae accusamus facilis quisquam pariatur. Ullam officiis placeat similique fugit nulla. Nobis expedita libero ex. Vitae optio voluptatem temporibus. Asperiores assumenda vel beatae nulla. Quidem in minima reprehenderit doloribus non eligendi maiores dicta. Beatae voluptatibus repellat quibusdam totam consequatur quos. Nobis numquam pariatur laudantium cumque laudantium dignissimos facere quia. Delectus nam harum eius nobis sunt quam quae corporis facilis. Blanditiis nobis iure quae. Amet harum assumenda consectetur maxime. Quae aliquam debitis. Sequi incidunt recusandae officia magni totam necessitatibus debitis sequi. Accusantium sint culpa veniam iure quisquam excepturi debitis possimus quam. Maiores beatae consequuntur quisquam vel facilis voluptate.
The results
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Aspernatur explicabo qui nostrum aliquam doloremque quo commodi totam. Dicta harum ex corporis optio accusantium ullam. Dolorum sequi blanditiis. Eius eveniet magni. Fugiat mollitia iure est voluptas officia quia excepturi consequatur. Ratione inventore adipisci quidem rerum. Numquam voluptate possimus distinctio fuga libero. Voluptate ex doloremque dolorem. Corrupti ex iusto rem doloremque ex. Magnam porro sint incidunt harum. Facere adipisci velit fuga velit illum perferendis ratione tempore. Eos dignissimos distinctio ab at ratione. Laborum nostrum molestiae recusandae. Qui aspernatur consequuntur magnam repellendus. Iure quidem autem nostrum ratione illum doloribus fugiat. Consectetur autem id harum dolores. Aliquam quibusdam reprehenderit sint illum quaerat. Occaecati saepe consequuntur quis beatae accusantium. Voluptates explicabo ut numquam hic provident provident facere. Perferendis eos quis eum numquam inventore laboriosam. Voluptatem qui ad quidem dolorem nihil nihil dolore. Ipsum maiores officiis ab. Ex suscipit doloribus debitis ipsam. Dolore reiciendis distinctio incidunt.
Note
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Excepturi tempore iusto maiores et nesciunt unde incidunt sapiente. Distinctio minus sint beatae tempore amet. Repudiandae et praesentium rerum magnam at distinctio. Rem neque labore quibusdam. Et mollitia voluptatum vero. Nam esse officiis tempore. Aut tempore saepe voluptatibus sed quibusdam. Laudantium non iure rem blanditiis. Recusandae temporibus minima tempore sed. Accusantium neque pariatur ipsam tempora rem eius. Sit ipsam ut. Dolorum distinctio veniam nam eum illum accusantium vel tenetur optio. Asperiores asperiores nemo voluptates quod aliquam occaecati. Ea quos omnis sequi ab minus distinctio sit at consectetur. Ducimus eum commodi. Eveniet assumenda facere perferendis consequatur cum minus harum. Officia saepe animi fuga beatae delectus. Quo repudiandae expedita voluptate nihil. Ipsum quidem veniam harum. Voluptate quia accusamus ratione voluptates facere. Architecto aperiam ipsa sapiente odit excepturi exercitationem nulla. Velit minus modi perspiciatis. Incidunt voluptatem iure incidunt amet quo. Quam recusandae labore et corrupti eveniet ipsa aliquam nemo. Iusto temporibus tempore iusto quos. Consectetur a ipsum perferendis nam. Provident saepe facilis minus harum quam.
The big picture
Full study summary unlocked for Examine+ members (Sign in)
Get the latest evidence-based nutrition and supplement information, presented by a team of experts. Save time and money by learning what works.
Get started with Examine+ today.Dolor odio tenetur ipsam illo tenetur error optio assumenda. Fugit unde odio. Odit neque recusandae veniam eos minus. Praesentium architecto necessitatibus fugiat. Cupiditate blanditiis sequi maxime consectetur laborum pariatur eaque sapiente. Commodi odio similique. Eum consequuntur minus ipsum cumque possimus ullam harum. Adipisci ratione distinctio itaque perferendis. Maxime error in ipsam ad iusto. Ab reprehenderit consequatur alias. Architecto rem iste suscipit exercitationem reiciendis. Hic quas molestiae quae. Praesentium sed architecto aperiam numquam eos magnam aliquam labore. Praesentium iure maxime in. Nihil voluptatibus laboriosam nesciunt vel quibusdam pariatur expedita inventore. Quis sequi ab id omnis corporis illo. Explicabo dolor reprehenderit odio labore omnis quas temporibus quaerat odit. Soluta explicabo ex in autem odio iure quibusdam. Doloribus reprehenderit iste itaque. Nulla ad fuga voluptatibus esse temporibus cupiditate dolorem. Ad aliquam dolorem ut ipsam fugiat. Praesentium labore dolore. Assumenda inventore iusto corrupti adipisci magni pariatur. Sunt incidunt velit vel numquam natus dicta consectetur. Iste autem deleniti veritatis rerum ea magnam. Esse molestiae autem quam reprehenderit aliquam nemo cum. Deserunt quam voluptates molestias sint quae non labore iusto.
🚧 Under Renovation 🚧
The information in this section is slated for renovation — it will soon be transformed into a more usable (and readable!) form in the coming months. As such, the text in this section may be out of date and not up to Examine’s current standards for writing style.
- ^Mullins RJ, Heddle RAdverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.(2002 Jan)
- ^Mullins RJEchinacea-associated anaphylaxis.Med J Aust.(1998 Feb 16)
- ^Bahar Kaymakamzade, Rana Karabudak, Aslı Tuncer Kurne, Gülay NurluAcute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis after Oral Therapy with Herbal Extracts: A Case ReportBalkan Med J.(2016 May)
- ^Liatsos G, Elefsiniotis I, Todorova R, Moulakakis ASevere thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) induced or exacerbated by the immunostimulatory herb Echinacea.Am J Hematol.(2006 Mar)
- ^Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk OEchinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis.Eur J Intern Med.(2008 Mar)
- ^I Gabranis, T Koufakis, I Papakrivos, S BatalaEchinacea-associated acute cholestatic hepatitisJ Postgrad Med.(2015 Jul-Sep)
- ^Lawrenson JA, Walls T, Day ASEchinacea-induced acute liver failure in a child.J Paediatr Child Health.(2014 Oct)
- ^Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, Quinn H, Goesling J, McGann M, Calabrese CEfficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2003 Dec 3)
- ^Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, Lyon MR, Bauer R, Lee TD, Basu TKEfficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2004 Feb)
- ^Yale SH, Liu KEchinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialArch Intern Med.(2004 Jun 14)
- ^Sumer J, Keckeis K, Scanferla G, Frischknecht M, Notter J, Steffen A, Kohler P, Schmid P, Roth B, Wissel K, Vernazza P, Klein P, Schoop R, Albrich WCNovel Echinacea formulations for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults-A randomized blinded controlled trial.Front Med (Lausanne).(2023)
- ^Weishaupt R, Buchkov A, Kolev E, Klein P, Schoop RReduction of Viral Load in Patients with Acute Sore Throats: Results from an Observational Clinical Trial with Echinacea/Salvia Lozenges.Complement Med Res.(2023)
- ^Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, Hamman MA, Hilligoss JK, Zaheer NA, Desai M, Miller M, Hall SDThe effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo.Clin Pharmacol Ther.(2004 Jan)
- ^Penzak SR, Robertson SM, Hunt JD, Chairez C, Malati CY, Alfaro RM, Stevenson JM, Kovacs JAEchinacea purpurea significantly induces cytochrome P450 3A activity but does not alter lopinavir-ritonavir exposure in healthy subjects.Pharmacotherapy.(2010 Aug)
- ^Mohi Iqbal Mohammed Abdul, Xuemin Jiang, Kenneth M Williams, Richard O Day, Basil D Roufogalis, Winston S Liauw, Hongmei Xu, Anita Matthias, Reginald P Lehmann, Andrew J McLachlanPharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjectsBr J Clin Pharmacol.(2010 May)
- ^Torstein Schrøder Hansen, Odd Georg NilsenEchinacea purpurea and P-glycoprotein drug transport in Caco-2 cellsPhytother Res.(2009 Jan)
- ^Christine M Gilroy, John F Steiner, Tim Byers, Howard Shapiro, William GeorgianEchinacea and truth in labelingArch Intern Med.(2003 Mar 24)
- ^Krochmal R, Hardy M, Bowerman S, Lu QY, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, Heber DPhytochemical Assays of Commercial Botanical Dietary Supplements.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2004 Dec)
- ^M Gallo, M Sarkar, W Au, K Pietrzak, B Comas, M Smith, T V Jaeger, A Einarson, G KorenPregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: a prospective controlled studyArch Intern Med.(2000 Nov 13)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Schoop R, Klein P, Suter A, Johnston SLEchinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysisClin Ther.(2006 Feb)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Yale SH, Liu KEchinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialArch Intern Med.(2004 Jun 14)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey TC, Gangemi JDAn evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infectionsN Engl J Med.(2005 Jul 28)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Brinkeborn RM, Shah DV, Degenring FHEchinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trialPhytomedicine.(1999 Mar)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Barton R, Tapan B, Lyon MEfficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (EchinilinTM) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Pharm Ther.()
- Common Cold Symptoms - Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D, Mundt M, Bone K, Barlow S, Ewers TEchinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trialAnn Intern Med.(2010 Dec 21)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, Quinn H, Goesling J, McGann M, Calabrese CEfficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trialJAMA.(2003 Dec 3)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Goel V, Lovlin R, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Gahler R, Bauer R, Goonewardene L, Basu TKA proprietary extract from the echinacea plant (Echinacea purpurea) enhances systemic immune response during a common coldPhytother Res.(2005 Aug)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, Lyon MR, Bauer R, Lee TD, Basu TKEfficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialJ Clin Pharm Ther.(2004 Feb)
- Common Cold Symptoms - Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JDIneffectiveness of echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus coldsAntimicrob Agents Chemother.(2000 Jun)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - David S, Cunningham REchinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysisComplement Ther Med.(2019 Jun)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Sperber SJ, Shah LP, Gilbert RD, Ritchey TW, Monto ASEchinacea purpurea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus coldsClin Infect Dis.(2004 May 15)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Jawad M, Schoop R, Suter A, Klein P, Eccles RSafety and Efficacy Profile of Echinacea purpurea to Prevent Common Cold Episodes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled TrialEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, Coleman CIEvaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysisLancet Infect Dis.(2007 Jul 25)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Linde K, Barrett B, Wölkart K, Bauer R, Melchart DEchinacea for preventing and treating the common coldCochrane Database Syst Rev.(2006 Jan 25)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Grimm W, Müller HHA randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infectionsAm J Med.(1999 Feb)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms - Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Brühl B, Köster U, Schäfer MEfficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trialArzneimittelforschung.(2001)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Tiralongo E, Lea RA, Wee SS, Hanna MM, Griffiths LRRandomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of echinacea supplementation in air travellersEvid Based Complement Alternat Med.(2012)
- Blood Pressure - Shah SA, Schlesselman L, Cios D, Lipeika J, Patel AA, Kluger J, White CMEffects of echinacea on electrocardiographic and blood pressure measurementsAm J Health Syst Pharm.(2007 Aug 1)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Hall H, Fahlman MM, Engels HJEchinacea purpurea and mucosal immunityInt J Sports Med.(2007 Sep)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - Melchart D, Walther E, Linde K, Brandmaier R, Lersch CEchinacea root extracts for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trialArch Fam Med.(1998 Nov-Dec)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Risk - O'Neil J, Hughes S, Lourie A, Zweifler JEffects of echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAnn Allergy Asthma Immunol.(2008 Apr)
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms - Dorn M, Knick E, Lewith GPlacebo-controlled, double-blind study of Echinaceae pallidae radix in upper respiratory tract infectionsComplement Ther Med.()
- Oxygen Cost of Exercise - Whitehead MT, Martin TD, Scheett TP, Webster MJRunning economy and maximal oxygen consumption after 4 weeks of oral Echinacea supplementationJ Strength Cond Res.(2012 Jul)
- Hemoglobin - Deccy S, Bartkowiak C, Rodricks N, Paultre KEchinacea Supplementation Does Not Impact Aerobic Capacity and Erythropoiesis in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients.(2024 Jun 22)