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Vitamin A
•Last Updated: January 8, 2024
Vitamin A describes a group of metabolites involved in cell and tissue growth, and several bodily functions, including vision, bone metabolism, and immune function. Vitamin A metabolites include preformed vitamin A — retinols, retinals, retinyl esters, and retinoic acids — and precursors (i.e., provitamin A molecules) like beta-carotene, which can be converted by the body into the other forms of vitamin A.
Vitamin A is most often used for
Last Updated:January 8, 2024
Vitamin A is a group of fat-soluble metabolites, including preformed types like retinols and provitamin A carotenoids such as beta-carotene, that are essential for various bodily functions, including vision and immune response. Although preformed vitamin A is primarily obtained from animal products, the main source of provitamin A is plants. Vitamin A can be stored in the liver and is also available as dietary supplements.
Vitamin A is essential for growth, vision, and survival, particularly in malnourished infants and children, and supplementation is used to address deficiencies. Additionally, higher dietary intake of vitamin A may be associated with a reduced risk of depression, and certain forms of vitamin A are effective in treating acne.
High intakes of preformed vitamin A can lead to serious side effects such as headaches, blurred vision, and increased risk of bone problems and certain cancers, and excessive intake during pregnancy may potentially cause birth defects. Due to these risks, high-dose supplementation is not recommended, and there are established upper limits for daily intake based on age.
Vitamin A can be turned into various forms by the human body. These include retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid, each of which serves different functions in the body. These forms are involved in processes such as vision, enzymatic reactions, and gene expression regulation, and retinyl esters serve as the storage form primarily in the liver.
Note that Vitamin A is also known as:
- retinol
- retinal
- retinoic acid
- tretinoin
- beta-carotene
- Retinyl ester
- all-trans retinoic acid
- 13-cis-retinoic acid
Recommended intake is similar between males and females, except during pregnancy and lactation when vitamin A requirements are elevated. The recommended dietary allowances (RDA) are:[1][2]
| Ages | Recommended daily intake |
|---|---|
| Birth to 6 months | 400 micrograms (mcg, or µg) |
| Infants 7–12 months | 500 mcg |
| Children 1–3 years | 300 mcg |
| Children 4–8 years | 400 mcg |
| Children 9–13 years | 600 mcg |
| Teen males 14–18 years | 900 mcg |
| Teen females 14–18 years | 700 mcg |
| Teen females, pregnant | 750 mcg |
| Teen females, breastfeeding | 1,200 mcg |
| Adult males | 900 mcg |
| Adult females | 700 mcg |
| Adult females, pregnant | 770 mcg |
| Adult females, breastfeeding | 1,300 mcg |
Due to potential toxicity, the upper limit of total daily intake of preformed vitamin A (from food, beverages, and supplements combined) is as follows:[1][2]
| Ages | Upper limit of daily intake |
|---|---|
| Birth to 12 months | 600 mcg |
| Children 1–3 years | 600 mcg |
| Children 4–8 years | 900 mcg |
| Children 9–13 years | 1,700 mcg |
| Teens 14–18 years | 2,800 mcg |
| Adults 19 years and older | 3,000 mcg |
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