Yohimbine
Yohimbine is promoted for its fat-burning properties and benefits for male sexual dysfunction. Though yohimbine is effective, side effects may include anxiety, nervousness, and an elevated heart rate, and the reported dose of yohimbine in many supplement formulas doesn’t match the actual dose.
Last Updated:October 13, 2024
Yohimbine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree and the Rauwolfia serpentina plant. Yohimbine is a stimulatory compound that primarily acts on the alpha-2-adrenergic receptors in the body.[1] It’s best known for its ability to increase fat burning (lipolysis)[2] and aid in male sexual dysfunction.[3] Yohimbine supplementation is also used for weight loss,[4][5][6] body composition,[7][6] treatment of phobias,[8][9] and orthostatic hypotension,[10] though there is a lack of evidence to support yohimbine’s benefits for many of these conditions.
Some evidence supports the use of yohimbine as a natural way to improve symptoms of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. While studies have questioned this claim,[11] two meta-analyses concluded that yohimbine taken alone[12] or alongside other therapies, including arginine and PDE-5 inhibitors,[13] improves ED when compared to a placebo, though studies using combined yohimbine and PDE-5 inhibitors have only been conducted in animals.[14]
Although it’s often marketed as a fat-loss and performance-enhancing supplement for athletes, there’s no evidence that yohimbine improves strength, increases muscle, or enhances physical performance.[15] Yohimbine does seem to have a lipolytic effect (increases “fat burning”)[15] and may improve body composition[6] or cause regional fat loss when used as a topical ointment.[7]
When taken at the recommended dose (≤0.2 mg per kg of body weight), yohimbine may cause nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, nervousness, and anxiety.[16]
Higher doses of yohimbine may be dangerous; a report from 2005 found that yohimbine had the highest rate of toxic effects of any botanical product.[17] Case reports of excess yohimbine ingestion have suggested that anxiety, hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (high heart rate), arrhythmias, and agitation are among the more severe side effects of this compound.[15]
Furthermore, many yohimbine-containing supplements in the U.S. were found to be inaccurately labeled — they contained 23%–147% of the yohimbine reported on the label and failed to report the amount of yohimbine contained in the product or warn of the potential harms of excess consumption.[18]
Yohimbine is a selective alpha-2-adrenergic antagonist. In other words, it targets and inactivates a class of receptors in the nervous system that is responsive to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline).[19] Alpha-2 receptor antagonism enhances the sympathetic nervous system release of norepinephrine, causing the stimulatory and “hyperadrenergic” effects of yohimbine.
Antagonism of alpha-2 receptors also inhibits penile smooth muscle contraction and may enhance nitric oxide-mediated smooth muscle relaxation — the combined effects of which promote erection and explain the improvement in ED symptoms after supplementing with yohimbine.[20] Yohimbine also inhibits the activity of alpha-2 receptors on fat cells — where norepinephrine normally acts to suppress fat release. Inhibition of the antilipolytic effect of norepinephrine allows more lipolysis (fat burning) to occur.[2]
- Yohimbe
- Corynanthe Yohimbe
- Yohimbe Bark
- Pausinystalia Yohimbe
Total daily dosages of 0.2mg/kg bodyweight have been successfully used to increase fat burning without significant implications on cardiovascular parameters like heart rate and blood pressure. This results in a total daily dosage of:
- 14 mg for a 150 lb (68 kg) person
- 18 mg for a 200 lb (91 kg) person
- 22 mg for a 250 lb (113 kg) person
These total daily doses are often divided and taken in two to four doses throughout the day. For example, a 150 lb (68 kg) person could take 7 mg twice daily to reach to total dose of 14 mg.
Supplementation is most effective between meals or during short term fasting.
Caution should be exercised at higher body weight, since the cardiovascular system may not be prepared to handle a stimulatory agent such as yohimbine. When supplementing yohimbine for the first time, always start with a half-dose and assess tolerance before proceeding.
Caution should also be exercised since many supplements containing yohimbine either do not list how much yohimbine is included, or if they do, the actual dose ranges from 25-150% of the dose listed. Since the dosage may be higher than listed, this is extra reason to start with a lower dose.
When pairing yohimbine with other stimulatory agents, half-dose both supplements and work up to the recommended dose cautiously, as two supplements can interact negatively.
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In this network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in men with erectile dysfunction, taking arginine with or without phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors improved erectile function.
What was studied?
The efficacy of nutraceutical supplements for improving erectile dysfunction (ED).
The primary outcome was erectile function, measured using the International Index of Erectile Function.
Who was studied?
A total of 1,000 men (average age of 45) with ED.
How was it studied?
A network meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials was performed. The studies were conducted in Egypt, Iran, Italy, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The study duration ranged from 4 to 24 weeks.
The interventions assessed included arginine, L-carnitine, yohimbine, and PDE5 inhibitors (i.e., tadalafil or sildenafil) — taken either taken alone or in combination — as well as arginine + acetyl L-carnitine + niacin, arginine + adenosine monophosphate, arginine + pycnogenol, folic acid + myo-inositol, vitamin E + ginseng, and vitamin E alone.
What were the results?
Compared with a placebo, the following interventions, in order of most effective to least effective (by effect size), improved erectile function: propionyl L-carnitine + acetyl L-carnitine + sildenafil, arginine + tadalafil, sildenafil alone, tadalafil alone, and arginine alone.
Anything else I need to know?
The daily doses were generally 5 to 6 grams for arginine, 2 grams for L-carnitine (both propionyl L-carnitine and acetyl L-carnitine), 5 or 10 mg for tadalafil, and 100 mg for sildenafil.
Due to the limited number of studies for each intervention, the results should be considered with caution. For example, only one study assessed the efficacy of propionyl L-carnitine + acetyl L-carnitine + sildenafil.
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What was studied?
The efficacy of dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction.
Erectile function was assessed using validated questionnaires such as the International Index of Erectile Function, questionnaire on male erectile dysfunction, and O’Leary’s questionnaire.
How was it studied?
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Background
Acute stress can impair cognition, notably through the release of glucocorticoids and norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline), two hormones that affect the hippocampus, a brain region commonly linked to spatial navigation.
Based on animal research, the authors hypothesized that yohimbine-induced noradrenergic stimulation would enhance spatial learning, whereas hydrocortisone would impair it or have no effect. The authors further reasoned that spatial-memory retrieval would be impaired by hydrocortisone, and that adding yohimbine would worsen the impairment.
The study
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The results
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Background
Many supplements have been touted as aphrodisiacs or overall sexual enhancers, but proof is needed. The present study tested a combination of ingredients.
The study
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